Compost environment

Strandberg, B. Wagman, N. Bergqvist, P.-A. Haglund, R Rappe, C. 1997, Semipermeable membrane devices as passive samplers to determine organochlorine pollutants in compost Environ. Sci. Technol. 31 2960-2965. 

Certain aliphatic-aromatic copoly(ester)s are known to be biodegradable, i.e., they may undergo fragmentation and microbial breakdown within a composting environment. However, copoly(ester)s suffer from a poor melt strength in comparison to other resins (20). 

Standard test methods for determining aerobic biodegradation of radiolabeled plastic materials in an aqueous or compost environment, ASTM Standard ASTM D 6340-98, ASTM International, West Con-shohocken, PA, 2007. 

Kaschl, A., Romheld, V., and Chen, Y. (2002). Cadmium binding by fractions of dissolved organic matter and humic substances from municipal solid waste compost. /. Environ. Qual. 31,1885-1892. 

He, XT., Logan, T.J. and Traina, S.J. (1995) Physical and chemical characteristics of selected US municipal solid-waste composts./. Environ. Qual., 24, 543-552. 

The biodegradation of Ecoflex film was tested under composting conditions. After 100 days in a composting environment more than 90% of the carbon in the polymer was converted to carbon dioxide. Tests also showed no toxic effects of degradation intermediates. 

BioBags will decompose in a controlled composting environment within 10-45 days. 

Thom KA, Pennington JC, and Hayes CA, 15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, 3797, 2002. 

Garbarino JR, Bednar AJ, Rutherford DW, Beyer RS and Wershaw RL (2003) Environmental fate of roxarsone in poultry litter. I. D adation of roxarsone during composting. Environ Sd Technol 37 1509-1514. 

D5512-94 Standard practice for exposing plastics to a simulated compost environment using an externally heated reactor. D6003-96 Standard test method for determining weight loss from plastic materials exposed to a simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) aerobic compost environment. 

Leonas, K.K., Cole, M.A., and Xiao, X.-Y., 1994, Enhanced degradable yard waste collection bag behaviour in a field scale composting environment. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2 253-261. 

ASTM D5338-test method formeasuringbiodegradabilityunder composting environment. 

For the composting environment, specification standards with definite pass / fail criteria requirements are available as ASTM, ISO, and EN standards. All the standards are harmonized and have very minor differences but the basic principles and requirements are the same. EN 13432 and ISO 18606 are specification standards for packaging. The specification standards are as follows ... 

Johnson E, Pometto AL, Nikolov ZL (1993) Degradation of degradable starch-polyethylene plastics in a compost environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 59 1155-1161 Jung IK, Lee KH, Chin IJ, Yoon JS, Kim MN (1999) Properties of biodegradable copolyesters of succinic add-l,4-butanedioI/succinic acid-l,4-cyclohexanedi- methanol. J Appl Polym Sci 72 553-561... 

ASTM D6340-98 Standard Test Methods for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Radiolabeled Plastic Materials in an Aqueous or Compost Environment... 

Applications for BionoUe include films, sheets, filaments, foam-molded products and foam-expanded products. Bionolle is biodegradable in compost, in moist soil, in water with activated sludge, and in sea water. PBSA degrades rapidly in a compost environment, similar to cellulose. PBSU degrades less rapidly, similar to a newspaper. 

The poly-L-lactic acid shows high melting points and good mechanical properties. Polylactic acid degrades by hydrolysis, which has been shown to be accelerated by many enzymes. Recently, it has been found to be biodegradable in a compost environment [43, 45]. The thermoplastic material can be made stereo specific or racemic to yield different properties. 

A biodegradable polymer in an active composting environment must sufficiently fragment and/or disintegrate so that it completely passes through specifically sized sieve screens within a time frame comparable to kraft paper degradation. 

In a time frame comparable to kraft paper, usually 6 months, the biodegradable polymer must be completely reduced to carbon dioxide, water, energy, and biomass, in an active composting environment. 

D 5509] Standard practice for exposing plastics to a simulated compost environment... 

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