Standard classification, definition

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 1916 Race Street Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 The ASTM MnnualBook ofMSTM Standards contains all up-to-date formally approved (ca 9000) ASTM standard specifications, test methods, classifications, definitions, practices, and related materials, eg, proposals. These are arranged in 15 sections plus an index volume as follows. 

This classification, defined in Table 13 with examples, appears very clear and logical in view of the standard classification of isomers. However, the historical development followed a rather curious course. The term constitutional selectivity, unfortunately a somewhat clumsy word which is rarely used, appeared in the literature as late as 1979 -2. This was after an inspiring, but not completely clear, discourse by Hassner on the almost equivalent term regioselectivity which greatly appealed to chemists and was immediately accepted. It is important to note that the now universally accepted definition of stereoselectivity and its subclasses enantio- and diastercoselectivity did not appear in print until as late as 19714. Before that, the term stereoselectivity apparently had the special meaning of the present term diastereoselectivity5. One consequence of this was discussed in the previous section. Furthermore, in the past, the terms selectivity and specificity were usually coupled. The latter term will be discussed in Section 1.2.3.3, but it is currently regarded with suspicion and best avoided. 

Although a standard worldwide definition for biodegradable plastics has not been established, the definitions already in place (ASTM, CEN, ISO) correlate the degradability of a material to a specific disposal environment and to a specific standard test method. The method must simulate such an environment for a time-span that determines the material classification. 

One general source of pump terrninology, definitions, rules, and standards is the HydrauHc Institute (HI) Standards (9), approved by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as national standards. A classification of pumps by type, as defined by the HI, is shown in Figure 1. 

Wa.ter Qua.litySta.nda.rds, The first step in water quahty standards is stream use classification. The individual states must decide what the uses of their water will be. The four categories, as defined by the EPA, are Class A, primary water contact recreation Class B, propagation of desirable aquatic life Class C, pubHc water suppHes prior to treatment and Class D, agricultural and industrial uses. States may vary the definition of these classes to meet their own needs. The second step is to develop water-quaHty criteria. This is the specific concentration of a pollutant that is allowable for the designated use. 

Currendy, the Bauer-McNett classification and the QS test are the most widely used fiber classification techniques. Whereas there are quaUtative relationships between QS and BMN, there is no quantitative correspondence. It is readily understood that these standard tests do not provide accurate definition of the fiber lengths the classification also redects the hydrodynamic behavior (volumes) of the fibers, which, because of thek complex shapes, is not readily predictable. 

Although the standard does not recognize any classification of nonconformities, the practical application of nonconformity controls requires controls to be balanced with the severity of the nonconformity. It is not necessary to seek concessions from a customer against requirements that have not been specified, or seek design authority approval for workmanship imperfections. The definition of the term defect in ISO 8402, and the fact that there are many requirements other than those specified in a contract or needed to satisfy market needs, demands that it is sensible to classify nonconformities into three categories ... 

The definition of the chemical processing industries (CPI) used in this table is the one used by Data Resources and Chemical Engineering in compiling their statistics on these industries. For several of the industries listed, only a part is considered to be in the CPI and data are presented for this part only. A list of the Standard Industrial Classification codes used to define the CPI for this table is given in Appendix C. 

The Subpart O standards apply to units that treat or destroy hazardous waste and which meet the definition of an incinerator. An incinerator is any enclosed device that uses controlled flame combustion and does not meet the criteria for classification as a boiler, sludge dryer, carbon regeneration unit, or industrial furnace. Typical incinerators1 2 3 include rotary kilns, liquid injectors, fixed hearth units, and fluidized bed incinerators (Table 23.1). The definition of an incinerator also includes units that meet the definition of an infrared incinerator or plasma arc incinerator. An infrared incinerator is any enclosed device that uses electric-powered resistance as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. A plasma arc incinerator is any enclosed device that uses a high-intensity electrical discharge as a source of heat and which is not listed as an industrial furnace. 

Fire hazard is viewed from the standpoint of safety, to which in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSH) is often used as the basis for classification of flammables versus a combustible material. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Transportation also has very specific definitions regarding classification of fire hazards based on safe transport of materials. For initial discussions we will adhere to the OSHA definitions, and later refer to distinctions in U.S. federal definitions which are legal standards. 

There is an international standard, ISO 46641 which is written as a guide to dynamic testing and which can be referred to for definitions of terms used and also includes classifications of test machines, preferred conditions, recommended test piece shapes and a bibliography. The British standard is identical (BS ISO 4664). ASTM has taken the same approach but the equivalent2 is more like a small text book and includes some rather unnecessary definitions (e.g. lubricated and relative). Whilst it is some ways a valuable reference, in other respects it is over the top for many peoples testing needs. 

Essential and Nonessential Metals. It is well known that elements in the biological systems may vary a great deal in their concentration from organ to organ and from species to species, but for the purpose of this chapter, the following classification of elemental concentrations has been adopted (17) major, > 1% minor, 0.10-1% micro, 0.01-0.1% trace, 0.01-0.001% ultratrace, < 0.001%. Since total copper in the average, "standard man (18) is approximately 150 mg (2), its classification would fall between trace and ultratrace concentration. However, as is the case with any other element, what is a trace in one organ may be an ultratrace in another, but for serum copper concentration, which is about 100 /xg%, the definition of copper as an ultratrace metal by the above classification may not be justifiable. If the criteria of the "standard man is taken into account, however, the definition seems appropriate. 

There is no single definition of the chemical industry or a universal categorization of the industry s subsectors. There are, in fact, numerous ways of identifying subsectors of the chemical industry, including, according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes (US OMB, 1987), the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) (US OMB, 2000), the European Union NACE Codes for the nomenclature of economic activities,1 the Japanese standard industrial classification,2 and according to S P definitions (S P, 2004), to name a few. 

The structure of the definitions of the clinical activities has been incorporated within the national standards for classification in health in Australia. SHPA collaborated with the Australia National Centre for Classification in Health (NCCH) to develop pharmacy procedure codes within the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems Australian Modification.The classification has subsequently been piloted in 28 hospitals to develop a standard approach to the documentation of clinical services to individual patients. - ... 

Ultrafine particles have been defined as those, which are smaller than 0.1 pm. Another classification is into submicrometre particles, which are smaller than 1 pm, and supermicrometre particles, which are larger than 1 pm. The terminology that has been used in the wording of the ambient air quality standards, and also for characterisation of indoor and outdoor particle mass concentrations, includes PM2.5 and PM fractions and the total suspended particulate (TSP). PM2.5 (fine particles) and PM, are the mass concentrations of particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 2.5 and 10 pm, respectively (more precisely the definitions specify the inlet cutoffs for which 50% efficiency is obtained for these sizes). TSP is the mass concentration of all particles suspended in the air. There have been references made in the literature to PMj or PMq 1 fractions, which imply mass concentrations of particles smaller than 1 and 0.1 pm, respectively. These terms should be used with caution, as particles below 1 pm, and even more those below 0.1 pm, are more commonly measured in terms of their number rather than their mass concentrations, and therefore these terms could be misleading. 

There is a definite association between the size of a primary melanoma lesion and the likelihood of metastases. The prognostic factor originally used to determine survival was based on the cross-sectional profile of the primary tumor. The cross-sectional profile could be evaluated if the deepest invasive tumor cells lay above or below the sweat glands. This assessment was further clarified by Clark, who described the relationship of depth of invasion of the cancer cells to the standard anatomic landmarks of the skin (Table 133-3). Clark s classification is a practical approach for patients with more superficial tumors, because tumors classified as Clark levels I through III seldom metastasize. That classification system has been criticized because of problems associated with practical measurements. Melanoma lesions that occur in the presence of lymphoid infiltration, fibrosis, or even the cells of preexisting nevi are difficult to assess with classic reference landmarks. 

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