Cross-sectional profiles

In order to reach a crystalline state, polymers must have sufficient freedom of motion. Polymer crystals nearly always consist of many strands with a parallel packing. Simply putting strands in parallel does not ensure that they will have the freedom of movement necessary to then find the low-energy con-former. The researcher can check this by examining the cross-sectional profile of the polymer (viewed end on). If the profile is roughly circular, it is likely that the chain will be able to change conformation as necessary. 

The impact on negative-CA resists of airborne base contamination differs qualitatively from their positive tone counterparts. Suppression of acid-catalyzed chemistry at the surface of a negative resist results in some film erosion at the top of the exposed fields and in some cases an apparent loss of photosensitivity, but in general the reUef images formed exhibit the expected cross-sectional profile. This is in sharp contrast with the typical behavior seen with positive-tone CA resists, where suppression of acid-catalyzed chemistry at the surface causes an insoluble surface skin. 

Part of a 15-nm long, 10 A tube, is given in Fig. 1. Its surface atomic structure is displayed[14], A periodic lattice is clearly seen. The cross-sectional profile was also taken, showing the atomically resolved curved surface of the tube (inset in Fig. 1). Asymmetry variations in the unit cell and other distortions in the image are attributed to electronic or mechanical tip-surface interactions[15,16]. From the helical arrangement of the tube, we find that it has zigzag configuration. 

Profile. The numbers 1 through 9 in the second character of the fixed cutter classification code refer to the bit s cross-sectional profile (Figure 4-158). The... 

The primary industries are pulp and paper, lumber, electronics, and tourism. The basin supports extensive wildlife and fish habitat. Precipitation varies from 100 cm at the basin floor to more than 300 cm in the Cascade Range and summers are dry and warm with winters cloudy and wet. Daily average temperatures in the basin range from 1.7 C in winter to 28°C in summer. A cross-sectional profile of the basin is shown in Figure 2A. Figure 2B identifies specific morphological reaches of the main stem Willamette River. 

Figure 2A. Cross-sectional profile of the Willamette River Basin showing relief dimensions of major physiographic divisions.

After gas-phase oxidation reaction finished, the reactor wall surfece was coated with a thick rough scale layer. The thickness of scale layer along axial direction was varied. The scale layer at front reactor was much thicker than that at rear. The SEM pictures were shown in Fig. 1 were scale layers stripped from the reactor wall surface. Fig. 1(a) was a cross sectional profile of scale layer collected from major scaling zone. Seen from right side of scale layer, particles-packed was loose and this side was attached to the wall surface. Its positive face was shown in Fig. 1(b). Seen from left side of scale layer, compact particles-sintered was tight and this side was faced to the reacting gases. Its local amplified top face was shown in Fig. 1(c). The XRD patterns were shown in Fig. 2(a) were the two sides of scale layer. Almost entire particles on sintered layer were characterized to be rutile phase. While, the particle packed layer was anatase phase. 

The SEM pictures were shown in Fig. 3 were scale layers stripped flnm different sections of quartz rod. Fig. 3(a) was a cross sectional profile of scale from the severe scaled point. Level (1) was quartz rod substrate scale tightly appressed to level (1) was named level (2). It could be seen from Fig. 3(a) that there was no obvious interface between the scale and quartz substrate. The positive face of this scale block was shown in Fig. 3(b) and the scale stripped from the smooth scaled point was shown in Fig. 3(c). Compared with Fig. 3(b), there were less agglomerations and shorter whisker columns in Fig. 3(c). The XRD patterns were shown... 

Figure4.2 Fluorescence SNOM image ofa single Rhodamine 6G molecule. Panel (b) indicates the cross-section profile for the dashed line in panel (a).

Figure 2.15 (A) Cross-sectional profile regions (for description of the regions marked refer text) ...

We use profile extrusion to make continuous products that have fixed cross-sectional dimensions, such as pipes, house siding, refrigerator door gaskets, and vindshield wiper blades. During profile extrusion the molten output from an extruder is pumped to a die where it is formed to approximately the desired cross-sectional profile. As the molten polymer leaves the die, we apply the final forming step and simultaneously cool it to yield the product in its solid state. 

Fig. 7. a Cross sectional profile of an ultrathin film of dendrimer 23 on HOPG along x-x as indicated in (b). The height difference between adjacent terraces has the dimension of a monolayer [Ah = 4.3 ( 0.2) nm]. Large scale (2.4 x2.4 pm2) SFM image of monomolecular terraces, c Schematic model of closely packed molecular cylinders in thin films of 23 on HOPG... 

Many other properties have to be considered, especially for apparel fibres, e.g., moisture absorption, ability to dye, drape, texture, weaving characteristics, etc. Many of the properties are influenced by the cross-section profile of the fibre. Thus cotton and some rayons (an artificial synthetic fibre derived from cellulose) are a hollow round fibre silk has a triangular shape giving it a fine lustre and drape. 

Fig. 3.5 Representation of a scheme of an experiment (upper set of drawings) and the obtained experimental results presented as AFM images (middle part) and cross-sectional profiles (bottom) that provides evidence of silica nucleation and shell formation on biopolymer macromolecules. Scheme of experiment. This includes the following main steps. 1. Protection of the mica surface against silica precipitation. It was covered with a fatty (ara-chidic) acid monolayer transferred from a water substrate with the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. This made the mica surface hydrophobic because of the orientation of the acid molecules with their hydrocarbon chains pointing outwards. 2. Adsorption of carbohydrate macromolecules. Hydrophobically modified cationic hydroxyethylcellulose was adsorbed from an aqueous solution. Hydrocarbon chains of polysaccharide served as anchors to fix the biomacromolecules firmly onto the acid monolayer. 3. Surface treatment by silica precursor. The mica covered with an acid mono-...

Fig. 9.36 a) Procedure of the preparation steps starting with the pCP of an inert SAM, self-assembly of a monolayer of initiator sites, ATRSIP and selective wet etching, b) (A) AFM image of a patterned brush of PMMA formed by this procedure. The bright areas correspond to PMMA brushes, while the dark regions correspond to the patterned areas of SAMs formed from HDT. (B) Cross-sectional profile of the patterned PMMA brush shown in (A). The location of the cross-sectional pro-... 

Second, the cross-sectional profile of the growing film can show severe nonlinear behavior when the laser power is varied. At low power, the profile follows the Gaussian shape of the laser beam intensity, but at high power,... 

Fig. 32. Amplitude (a,c) and phase (b,d) SFM micrographs demonstrate autophobic wetting of mica (a,b) and semifluorinated copolymer (c,d) by carbosilane dendrimer with hydroxyl end groups. Fluid droplets with a contact angle of about 8.7 degrees in (a) and 18.5 degrees in (c) were determined after 24 h equilibration at room temperature from cross sectional profiles recorded along the reference lines indicated on the (a) and (b) respectively. Reproduced from [319]...

Figure 1.58 Experimental images of the lateral and cross-sectional profiles of a fluorescent species formed by mixing and subsequent immediate reaction. Left, experimental images right, simulated images [70] (by courtesy of Kluwer Academic Publishers).

Fig. 6 Adsorption of microcapsules onto the (PLL/HA)24/PLL films, (a-c) Confocal fluorescent microscopy images of the capsules exposed to the near-IR light irradiation, (d) CLSM image of the film surface (the film is prepared with PLL-FITC black lines are scratches made by a needle for easier film imaging), (e) Cross-sectional profile of the capsules after step-by-step laser exposure (the sections from top to bottom correspond to the images a-c, respectively), (f) Optical microscopy images of the capsules after light irradiation. Scale bars (a-c, f) 4 pm, (d) 25 pm. Reproduced from [100]...

From pixel maps obtained by the scanning proton probe, cross-section profiles of elemental distributions can be extracted (Figure 5.6). For elements present in trace amounts, long acquisition times are needed as mentioned. A corresponding map obtained with the EMP would require at least a five times longer acquisition time, which is the reason why elemental mapping for elements present in low concentrations has not been favored in XRMA. 

Real screws do not have points in position x. They have specific tip widths (Fig. 2.2), which have previously been omitted in order to clarify the kinematics (Fig. 2.1). It helps here to determine the kinematics in cross-section, then to advance the resulting cross-section profiles axially, and finally to apply a twist to obtain the longitudinal section contour and the desired three-dimensional screw (Fig. 2.3). 

Fig. 11(a) shows the AFM image of an 11-layer mixed-stack CT film of octadecyl-TCNQ and (Me)2P scanned at room temperature with a scan area of 2x2 pm2 [29]. It can be seen from the image that the CT film consists of platelet microcrystal domains of a few micrometers in size in which a multi-layered structure with many steps is observed. An analysis of the cross-sectional profile revealed that the layered platelet microcrystal domains have a step of 3.3 nm thickness [29]. This is in good agreement with the d value measured by the X-ray diffraction method [28]. Therefore, it seemed that the X-ray diffraction peaks originate from the multi-layered structure inside the domains. Each layer in the domains apparently consists of biomolecular layers of octadecyl-TCNQ and (Me)2P because the layer thickness of 3.3 nm is larger than the molecular length (3.0nm) of octadecyl-TCNQ. The biomolecular layer structure also supports that the CT film is in a mixed-stack pattern. 

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