Spruce, Picea

Balsam-kraut, n. costmary moschatel. -pappel, /. balsam poplar, tacamahac. -taone, /. balsam fir (Abies balsamea) spruce (esp. Norway spruce, Picea abies). 

Rot-stift, m. red pencil, red crayon, -tanne, /. Norway spruce (Picea abiea). 

Forest Decline and Air Polhitioru A Study of Spruce (Picea abies) on Acid Soils. Schulze, E.D. Lange, O.L. Oren, R, Eds., Springer-Verlag Berlin. 1989. 

From bark, valuable chemicals, such as betulinol, can be obtained [5]. Betulinol is used as a health-promoting agent. Recently Holmbom et al. [27, 28] discovered that hydroxymatairesinol (HMR) is concentrated in the stems and knots of Norway spruce Picea abies). It can be extracted and transformed catalytically to matairesinol (MAT), which is an antioxidant and anticarcinogenic agent [29-31]. 

The cambium was isolated firom spruce (Picea abies) logs felled in October-November. The bark was stripped off, and the cambium was removed by gentle scraping. The isolated cambium was immediately fiozen in liquid nitrogen and fi-eeze-dried. The carbohydrate composition of the isolated cambium was analysed by HPLC after enzymatic hydrolysis using Pectinex Ultra and a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases (Buchert et al 1993). 

L. Eltrop, Role of ectomycorrhiza in the mineral nutrition of Norway spruce (Picea ahies L.). Ph.D. thesis. University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (1993). 

J. Grayston and C. D. Campbell, Functional biodiversity of microbial communities in the rhizospheres of hybrid larch (Larix eurolepis) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitch-ensi.s). Tree Physiol. 76 1031 (1996). 

H. Mar.schner, M. Haussling, and E. George, Ammonium and nitrate uptake rates and rhizoshpere-pH in non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruce [Picea ahies (L.) Karst.). Trees Struct. Funct. 5 14 (1991). 

M. Hiiussling and H. Marschner, Organic and inorganic soil phosphate and acid phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of 80-year-old Norway spruce Picea ahies (L.) Karst] trees. Biol. Fertil. Soils (1 128 (1989). 

Spruce, Picea abies, Germany, 1984 Declining spruce forest ... 

White spruce, Picea alba Arsenic-contaminated soil ... 

Kuhn AJ, Schroder WH, Bauch J. On the distribution and transport of mineral elements in xylem, cambium and phloem of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Holz-forschung 1997 51 487-496. 

Hodson MJ, Sangster AG. Mineral deposition in the needles of white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss]. Ann Bot 1998 82 375-385. 

The dominant species are the spruce (Picea excelsa), the birch (Betula verrucosa, B. pubescens), the aspen (Populus tremula), and the alder (Aims incana). The moss and low bush layer is represented by the blueberry-bush (Vaccinium myrtiilus), hypnic mosses, separate species of cowberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) and flowering plants. The biomass of these Spruce Forest ecosystems reaches 10 ton/ha at the age of 100-150 years (Table 4). 

Tyromyces palustris Hondo spruce (Picea jezoensis) 18 45 Imamura and Nishimoto (1 987a)... 

Rowell and Rowell (1989) acetylated Scandinavian spruce Picea abies) wood chips, then subsequently reduced these to fibres in a laboratory disc refiner, fibre production did not result in loss of acetyl content, but it was found that new water sorption sites were produced as a consequence of the refining process. In addition, these workers modified a variety of lignocellulosic materials and found that all of the materials studied exhibited the same reduction in EMC at comparable WPGs. 

Sander, C. and Koch, G. (2001). Effects of acetylation and hydrothermal treatment on lignin as revealed by cellular UV-spectroscopy in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) Holzforschung, 55(2), 193-198. 

White spruce Picea glauca J stages Snowshoe hare Camphor Sinclair etfll., 1988... 

Summerbell RC, Root endophyte and mycorrhizosphere fungi of black spruce, Picea mariana, in a boreal forest habitat influence of site factors on fungal distributions, StudMycol 53 121—145, 2005. 

The northern conifer forest (taiga) extends at high latitudes, above the temperate deciduous and rain forest and grasslaixl (Fig. 6.1). It is dominated by spruces, Picea spp., and firs, Abies spp. It is an immense continuum, only interrupted by the Atlantic Ocean, fi om Alaska to above the Kamchatka Peninsula, comprising also islands, like Iceland. 

The technique of CPC was also employed as a key step in the purification of 26 phenolic compounds from the needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies, Pinaceae). An aqueous extract of needles (5.45 g) was separated with the solvent system CHCl3-Me0H-i-Pr0H-H20 (5 6 1 4), initially with the lower phase as mobile phase and then subsequently switching to the upper phase as mobile phase. Final purification of the constituent flavonol glycosides, stilbenes, and catechins was by gel filtration and semipreparative HPLC. °... 

Slimestad, R. et al., Syringetin 3-0-(6 -acetyl)-(3-glucopyranoside and other flavonols from needles of Norway spruce, Picea abies. Phytochemistry, 40, 1537, 1995. 

Street, R. A., S. C. Duckham, and C. N. Hewitt, Laboratory and Field Studies of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong.) in the United Kingdom, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22799-22806 (1996). 

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