Sponsored research Defense, national

The authors would like to thank Prof. Richard Kaner of the Chemistry Department at UCLA for his collaboration and for providing the PANI nanofiber. Technical discussions with Dr. Chuck Szmanda of Rohm Haas, Prof Qibing Pei and Prof Fred Wudl of UCLA, and Dr. Ed Chandross of Bell Laboratories are also acknowledged. Finally, we would like to express our ultimate thanks to the financial support for the past several years on the polymeric memory devices. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research provides the funding for the polymer memory devices. The PANI/Au NP memory device is supported by the UCLA FENA-MACRO Center with funds from the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) and the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA). The interface study of this work is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 

Academic institutions have been included, and in many instances, there have been commercial consequences, although that has not been the mission of the Department of Defense. The Department of Defense mission is defense and national security, not the development of compact disk players. But in fact, for example, in electronics and devices, fundamental materials research was sponsored by the Department of Defense. Various organizations and activities in parallel in industry (at Lincoln Laboratory, IBM, and General Electric) led to the development of the semiconductor laser in the early 1960s. 

The research described in this report was sponsored hy the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). The research was conducted jointly hy RAND Health s Center for Military Health Policy Research and the Forces and Resources Policy Center of the National Defense Research Institute, a federally funded research and development center supported hy the OSD, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, and the defense agencies under Contract DASWOl-Of-C-0004. 

The Prevention of Deterioration Center, sponsored by the Department of Defense, functions within the National Research Council. It issues a monthly publication, Prevention of Deterioration Abstracts (13). It is the most comprehensive in the field and covers material from other sources in addition to government documents. One of the sections... 

The future prospects for a hydrogen economy were explored in The Hydro Economy Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R D Needs." This government-sponsored study was published in 2004 by the National Research Council. ExxonMobile, Ford, DuPont, the Natural Resources Defense Council and others contributed to the report. It urged more stringent... 

In 1953,54% of the total national expenditures for research and development came from the federal government. This percentage rose to 65% by 1960 and peaked in 1963 at 66%. Of these expenditures by the government for research and development in 1960, 80% of the 8 billion spent went to defense research. But while the federal government was the major sponsor of computational chemistry (much of the research was being done at national laboratories and at universities utilizing government facilities such as the University of Chi-... 

It is imperative that the federal government diminish its role in R D activity not directly related to national defense. The concepts of free enterprise apply to science and technology as much as to other aspects of the economy. When the government controls such a major portion of the R D effort, it also controls the decisions, the priorities, and the people. In order for the United States to resume its position as the world leader in Science and technology, government must allow private concerns to explore whatever areas of science they feel are appropriate and worthwhile. Each individual sponsor of research should be able to determine priorities in accord with future needs and consumer demand. 

Beginning in 2005, a research team at Michigan State University embarked on an initiative sponsored by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, in conjunction with the National Center for Food Protection and Defense (http //www.ncfipd. utnn.edu/), to examine best practices in security management within the food industry. Given the emerging nature of supply chain security and the lack of existing security frameworks, exploratory interviews were conducted in order to better understand the characteristics and current status of supply chain security in the food industry. 

In the immediate post-war period, the U.S. Department of Defense was interested in pho-tochromic materials for potential eye-protection in case of atomic or nuclear explosions. Considerably interest in this field was demonstrated at a government-sponsored symposium at Duke University in 1961. At that time, much research had been undertaken in a number of laboratories, Schoenberg in Egypt had developed novel spiropyrans. National Cash Register Company studied the use of these materials in data storage and data manipulation products. 

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