Spillage, waste

The generation of hazardous wastes by spillage must also be considered. The quantities of hazardous wastes that are involved in spiUage usually are not known. After a spUl, the wastes requiring collection and disposal are often significantly greater than the amount of spiUed wastes, especially when an absorbing material, such as straw, is used to soak up liquid hazardous wastes or when the soU into which a hazardous liquid waste has percolated must be excavated. Both the straw and hquid and the soU and the liqmd are classified as hazardous wastes. 

Collect waste for treatment or disposal and deal with spillages immediately. 

Removal of empty containers, scrap, waste Prompt treatment of spillages Redecoration... 

Liquid spillages may be sueked up by pump and non-toxie solids ean be vaeuumed or brushed up (after wetting down where appropriate). Only small quantities of inert, water-soluble waste should be disearded to drains aeids and alkalis should first be neutralized. 

Irregular Plant maloperation (e.g. unauthorized venting ) Plant failure - spillages, pipe joint failures Start-up/shutdown Dismantling/demolition Unauthorized waste incineration (rubbish burning) Fires ... 

Oil spillages onto warm, absorbent materials, such as insulation, also have a limited life (see Sections 7.3.2 and 12.4.4). The oil soon decomposes to materials with a low auto-ignition temperature and self-ignites. As many insulation fires have started in this way, oil-soaked insulation should be removed without delay. Linseed oil ignites particularly easily. This has been known since at least 1925 nevertheless, in 1965 some cloths used to apply linseed oil to laboratory benches were not burned as directed but dropped into a waste bin. A fire started after a few hours and destroyed the laboratory [17J. Reference 18 lists substances that are liable to self-heat, and Reference 19 includes references to a number of incidents that have occuiTed involving substances as diverse as wood shavings, tobacco, milk powder, and soap powder. 

Wherever manual distribution has to be adopted, containers should be reserved for the exclusive use of specific units and their operators and, as far as possible, for a particular grade. When not in use they must be stored away from all possible sources of contamination. To promote economy and reduce waste due to spillage, their shape and proportions must be suited to the application. 

Polyethylene pellets were Very abundant" on the Mediterranean coast of Spain, particularly near plastics fabrication factories (39, 40). Wastes from these factories and spillage during cargo loading and transport of raw materials were considered to be the major sources. Similarly, wastes from local plastic fabrication factories were thought to be the source of pellets on the beaches of Lebanon (40). 

Use hypochlorite solutions in excess scattered over spillage of cyanide solutions and wearing respirator and gloves, mop up and collect in buckets. Allow to stand for 24 hours before diluting greatly and running to waste... 

There are several different situations in which petroleum hydrocarbons pose a threat that has attracted solution by bioremediation. These include (1) oil-refinery waste and contamination of the surrounding soil, (2) leakage from oil pipelines and underground storage tanks or basins, and (3) spillage of crude oil in the marine enviromnent after accidents at sea. 

Site contamination generally results from leakage, spillage, or disposal of industrial wastes, and can arise from the past uncontrolled disposal of chemical wastes or any recent negligence. Contaminated sites are a threat to human beings by the following means of contamination ... 

Spillage of a weak (5%) aqueous peroxide solution onto cotton waste led, after some time, to ignition. This probably involved concentration of the peroxide by evaporation/absorption of the water, the heat insulating effect of the fibrous mass preventing heat loss as oxidation proceeded, and possibly the presence of trace metals in the waste promoting catalytic decomposition. 

Measures must be taken to prevent spills. Further, it is necessary to know what action is recommended in case of spillage for each specific formulation. The disposal of waste needs special attention as well. 

Generally, process wastes (emissions) are categorized as gaseous, liquid, and solid. This does not usually include waste from or from accidental spillage of a petroleum feedstock or product. 

Inadequate housekeeping controls in laboratories, process, or operating areas can result in process waste, leakage, and spillage accumulations that can lead to increased fire losses. Such accumulations are typically from one of several causes ... 

Any spillage must be promptly removed in general, if the hazardous waste being stored has no free liquids, no pad is required, provided that the accumulation area is sloped, or the containers are elevated. 

These are relatively clean processes because care is taken to avoid loss of product through spillage. The primary source of waste material is from the washing of railroad tank cars or tankers prior to loading finished products. These wash waters are high in emulsified oil. 

The total volume of waste (including returned concrete plant mixer washout, washdown of truck, spillage of concrete and silt from yard washing) can exceed 140 t per year for a six-truck ready-mixed operation [87]. Environmental protection acts in Western Europe and North America now prohibit the disposal of concrete waste in landfill sites. Ready-mixed concrete operations have therefore altered procedures for disposal of alkaline waste and effluent. One such procedure where significant progress has been made is in the use of chemical admixture systems to eliminate washout from ready-mixed trucks. 

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