SPILLAGES

Storage tanks should always be closely surrounded by bund walls to contain crude in the event of a spillage incident, such as a ruptured pipe or tank, and to allow fire fighting personnel and equipment to be positioned reasonably close to the tanks by providing protected access. 

Care ought to be taken in handling acetic acid to avoid spillage or otherwise breathing vapors. Wash any exposed areas with large amounts of water. Once the odor of acetic acid vapors is noticeable, the area should be abandoned immediately. The U.S. threshold limit value for acetic acid is 10 ppm (25 mg/m ). Similar values prevail in Germany (75). 

The following cautions should be observed Do not destroy or remove inhibitor. Do not contaminate with alkaline or strongly acidic materials. Do not store in the presence of a water layer. In the event of spillage or misuse that cause a release of product vapor to the atmosphere, thoroughly ventilate the area, especially near floor levels where vapors will collect. 

The transport of phthalates by road tankers and ships within Europe is carried out by international companies with sophisticated tank cleaning facihties. Wash waters from these modem faciUties are passed through a series of separators to remove any residual plasticizer which is then incinerated. It is estimated that, as a result of cleaning and spillages, the maximum emission to the environment is 80 t/yr. 

Enclosed Tubular-Type Belt Convejors. Manufacturers have been working to develop a belt that can totally enclose the material to be conveyed. This would minimize spillage and dust release iato the environment, and would eliminate the need for cleaning the belt surface. Several designs have reached the commercial stage and have been iastaHed ia iadustrial plants. A review is available (21). 

Under conditions of normal use, detergent products are not lia2ardous to users. Nonetheless, surfactants possess some toxicity, and they are mild irritants. Particularly under conditions of misuse, such as accidental ingestion or spillage, they can produce irritation and discomfort in the form of nausea and vomiting, as well as irritation to skin and eyes. The long-term effects, however, are minimal (134). 

Where high wetfastness is needed, for example in hotel lobbies and bars where Hquid spillages are likely, the higher fastness acid dyes (Groups 2 and 3) and even metal complex dyes are used. 

The generation of hazardous wastes by spillage must also be considered. The quantities of hazardous wastes that are involved in spiUage usually are not known. After a spUl, the wastes requiring collection and disposal are often significantly greater than the amount of spiUed wastes, especially when an absorbing material, such as straw, is used to soak up liquid hazardous wastes or when the soU into which a hazardous liquid waste has percolated must be excavated. Both the straw and hquid and the soU and the liqmd are classified as hazardous wastes. 

Charging of massecuite at a low speed, to prevent spillage, normally by a 24-28 pole motor. 

Cyclohexanone peroxide, a white powder, another mixture of peroxidic materials, has a similar reactivity to MEKP. Usually supplied as a 50% paste in dimethyl or dibutyl phthalate, it has to be weighed out, but it is easier to follow dispersion and to observe spillage. The quantity of peroxide used is generally 0.5-3% of the polyester. 

Hazard recognition and assessment always start from a knowledge of the individual properties of a chemical. What this may include is exemplified by Table 1.3. Additional properties, including those in Table 1.4, are relevant to environmental hazards, e.g. relating to behaviour on spillage or emission, and determination of permissible levels for disposal to air, land or water systems. Other properties may be relevant, e.g. odour which can serve as an, albeit often unreliable, means of detection. (Refer to Table 5.12.)... 

CLASS c FIRE A firc involving gases or liquefied gases in the form of a liquid spillage, or a liquid or gas leak. 

POOL FIRE A fire involving a flammable liquid spillage onto ground or onto water, or within a storage tank or treneh. The pool size depends upon the seale and loeal topography. Fire engulfment and radiant heat pose the main risks. 

Evaporation of a relatively-small volume of liquid in an enclosed space can produce a flatmuable or toxic vapour hazard. Leakage, or spillage, of a chemical maintained as a liquid above its atmospheric boiling point by pressure (e.g. liquefied petroleum gases) or as a liquid by refrigeration (e.g. ammonia) can result in a sizeable vapour cloud. 

Eseapes or spillages of liquefied petroleum gas, or ehlorine or ammonia, rapidly generate a vapour eloud. 

The rate of evolution of a toxie or flammable vapour from a liquid (e.g. in an open vessel, from a spillage or as a spray) is direetly related to the exposed area. Therefore, the rate of vapour formation from solvent-impregnated rag, from solvent-based films spread over a large area, from foams or from mists ean be many times greater than that from bulk liquid. 

Accidental release, spillage Transport incidents Overfilling of containers Equipment failure Unexpected reactions Runaway reactions... 

The use of appropriate instruments to monitor equipment operation and relevant process variables will detect, and provide warning of, undesirable excursions. Otherwise tliese can result in equipment failure or escape of chemicals, e.g. due to atmospheric venting, leakage or spillage. Instruments may facilitate automatic control, emergency action such as coolant or pressure relief or emergency shutdown, or the operation of water deluge systems. 

As a standby for emergency use in case of accidental release of toxic materials, e.g. during tanker unloading, or disconnection of temporary pipelines or when dealing with spillages generally, or if other protective measures, e.g. local exhaust ventilation, fail in service. 

How might they be involved (e.g. through misuse, spillage) ... 

Establishment of a procedure to deal safely with any spillages... 

The liquid attacks many metals, including aluminium, gold, copper and brass. Splashes break up into very small, mobile droplets, making clean-up of spillages difficult. 

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