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The term has different spellings Chemoinformatics and Cheminformatics. Searches in the database of the Chemical Abstracts Service have shown an approximately equal number of hits for both terms, with Cheminformatics gaining ground somewhat in recent years. Here, we use the spelling "Chemoinformatics" without trying to put forward reasons for that choice. 

The reinaining five search topics (Research Topic, Author Name, Document Identifier, Company Namc/Organii ation, and Browse Table of Contents arc conducted in a similar fashion, with the input being the only difference between the criteria. Thus, in Research Topic" the entry can be any, or even several, keywords or phrases. In "Author Name", literature written by a specific author will be Found, including alternative spelling, Document Identifier" can also be entered directly in the query. Document identifiers arc CA abstract numbers, patent numbers, patent application numbers, or priority application numbers. The last two search topics (Company Name/Organi2ation, and Browse Table ofContents) allow one to search for literature from specific companies or to view the list of journals which are available in the database. 

Consider different spellings or synonyms of compound names. 

Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminum for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. 

Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. 

Synthesis The CO2H group spells trouble. We would certainly have to use an ester, but the a-bromoester is too reactive to use with an acetylene. Also there is a danger that the double bond in A will move into conjugation. We can get round all these problems with an epoxide and then oxidise at the end ... 

Spelled eicosane prior to 1979 version of lUPAC rules... 

Although Russian Zaitsev published most of his work in German scientific journals where his name was translit erated as Saytzeff The spelling used here Zaitsev) corresponds to the currently preferred style... 

An article in the December 1988 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education traces the historical development of Markovnikov s rule In that article Markovnikov s name is spelled Markow nikoff which is the way it appeared in his original pa per written in German... 

The synthesis of cyclohexenone derivatives by Michael addition followed by intramolec ular aldol condensation is called the Robinson annulation, after Sir Robert Robinson who popularized its use By annulatwn we mean the building of a ring onto some start mg molecule (The alternative spelling annelation is also often used)... 

The bimetallic mechanism is illustrated in Fig. 7.13b the bimetallic active center is the distinguishing feature of this mechanism. The precise distribution of halides and alkyls is not spelled out because of the exchanges described by reaction (7.Q). An alkyl bridge is assumed based on observations of other organometallic compounds. The pi coordination of the olefin with the titanium is followed by insertion of the monomer into the bridge to propagate the reaction. 

The operational conditions under which the experiment is to be conducted and the manner ia which each of the factors is varied must be clearly spelled out. 

The idea of having two distinct quasi-Fermi levels or chemical potentials within the same volume of material, first emphasized by Shockley (1), has deeper implications than the somewhat similar concept of two distinct effective temperatures in the same block of material. The latter can occur, for example, when nuclear spins are weakly coupled to atomic motion (see Magnetic spin resonance). Quasi-Fermi level separations are often labeled as Im p Fermi s name spelled backwards. 

The accuracy of the spelling of authors names has been affected by the use, by some authors, of different initials or a different spelling of their name in different papers or review articles (sometimes this may arise from a transliteration process) and by those journals which give only one initial to each author. 

It is usually advisable to spell out the units when the acronym is used, since the units are arbitrary. 

This is the principal linkage between cyanobacterial blooms and eutrophication. Avoidance of cyanobacterial production does not necessarily depend upon eliminating all phosphorus inputs, but upon ensuring that optimum physical and chemical conditions for these organisms do not coincide. It is easy to understand why the biggest blooms in the UK have been in fertile lakes and reservoirs after prolonged spells of warm, dry weather in summer. 

A number of people must be thanked for their contributions and help in completing this project. I am grateful to Gordon Bundy, who loaned me this card file, which provided many references that the computer failed to find, and to Bob Williams, Spencer Knapp, and Tohm Fukuyama for many references on amine and amide protection. I thank Theo Greene who checked and rechecked the manuscript for spelling and consistency and for the herculean task of checking all the references to make sure my 3s and 8s and 7s and 9s were not interchanged, all w iihout... 

The roles and responsibilities of the toller and their client are spelled out in the contract. For example, some of the toller s responsibilities may be ... 

The lines of communication that were established in the toller selection phase can be formalized in the contract stage. The contract should spell out the persons to contact and under which circumstances they must be contacted. Detailed and continuing exchange of information is necessary in order to optimize the administration and performance of the tolling contract. The parties may want to come to agreement and include the following in the contract or supporting documentation to enhance communication ... 

Some variants of best practicable means are spelled out in the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1977. One is the requirement that best available control technology (BACT) for a specific pollutant be employed on new "major sources" that are to be located in an area that has attained the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for that pollutant. BACT is also required for pollutants for which there is no NAAQS [e.g., total reduced sulfur (TRS), for which emission limits are specified by a Federal New Source Performance Standard (NSPS)]. BACT must be at least as stringent as NSPS but is determined on a case-by-case basis. 

Firewater Systems. These systems are best laid out by contractors or other specialists. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rules will spell out required coverage, typical pump size, and other standard items. A small jockey pump will maintain system pressure at all times. 

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