Soybean treatment

Socha and Satter (28) conducted a study to determine the production response of early lactation cows fed either solvent-extracted soybean meal, raw soybeans, extruded whole soybeans, or roasted soybeans with alfalfa silage as the sole forage source. They reported that dry matter intakes were lower for cows on the raw and roasted soybean treatments. Cows on the extruded soybean diet produced more milk, milk protein, and more 3.5% fat-corrected milk than cows fed the other diets. Body weight changes and body condition scores did not differ among the various treatments. 

Soybean concentrate production involves the removal of soluble carbohydrates, peptides, phytates, ash, and substances contributing undesirable flavors from defatted flakes after solvent extraction of the oil. Typical concentrate production processes include moist heat treatment to insolubilize proteins, followed by aqueous extraction of soluble constituents aqueous alcohol extraction and dilute aqueous acid extraction at pH 4.5. 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Extraction of proteia requires breaking the cell wall to release the cytoplasmic contents. This can be achieved by high speed ball or coUoid mills or by high pressure (50—60 Mpa) extmsion. Proteia is extracted by alkaline treatment followed by precipitation after enzymatic hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Although the proteia can be spun iato fibers or texturized, such products are more expensive than those derived from soybean and there is no market for them. 

Lipoxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidations. Lipoxygenase-1 catalyzes the incorporation of dioxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids possessing a l(Z),4(Z)-pentadienyi moiety to yield ( ),(Z)-conjugated hydroperoxides. A highly active preparation of the enzyme from soybean is commercially available in purified form. From a practical standpoint it is important to mention that the substrate does not need to be in solution to undergo the oxidation. Indeed, the treatment of 28 g/L of linoleic acid [60-33-3] with 2 mg of the enzyme results in (135)-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid in 80% yield... 

An IV fat emulsion contains soybean or safflower oil and a mixture of natural triglycerides, predominately unsaturated fatty acids. It is used in the prevention and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency. It also provides nonprotein calories for those receiving TPN when calorie requirements cannot be met by glucose. Examples of intravenous fat emulsion include Intralipid 10% and 20%, Liposyn II 10% and 20%, and Liposyn III 10% and 20%. Fat emulsion is used as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for... 

PLA/PCL-OMMT nano-composites were prepared effectively using fatty amides as clay modifier. The nano-composites shows increasing mechanical properties and thermal stability (Hoidy et al, 2010c). New biopolymer nano-composites were prepared by treatment of epoxidized soybean oil and palm oil, respectively plasticized PLA modified MMT with fatty nitrogen compounds. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. The novelty of these studies is use of fatty nitrogen compoimds which reduces the dependence on petroleum-based surfactants (Al-Mulla et al., 2011 Al-Mulla et ah, 2011 Al- Mulla et ah, 2010c). 

The rapid repression of pre-existing protein synthesis caused by anaerobic treatment is correlated with a near complete dissociation of polysomes in primary roots of soybeans (Lin Key, 1967) and maize (E.S. Dennis and A.J. Pryor, personal communication). This does not result from degradation of aerobic mRNAs, because the mRNAs encoding the pre-existing proteins remain translatable in an in vitro system at least five hours after anaerobic treatment is initiated (Sachs et al., 1980). This is in agreement... 

Effluents from manufacturing and formulating facilities and surface runoff from treated croplands are sources of releases of the compound to surface waters. Endosulfan has been detected in rivers draining industrial areas where manufacturers or formulators of the compound are located (WHO 1984) and in streams adjacent to treated fields (NRCC 1975). For example, about 0.6% of the 5.6 kg/hectare of endosulfan applied to soybean fields in Mississippi was lost from the fields in runoff Endosulfan residues were detected up to 3.5 kilometers (km) downstream from the treatment area for about 3 weeks following the last application of the compound (Willis et al. 1987). 

Next, we attempted to deal with translocation of foliar-applied TCDD. Labeled dioxins were applied to the center leaflet of the first trifoliate leaf of 3-week-old soybean plants and the first leaf blade of 12-day-old oat plants. All compounds were applied in an aqueous surfactant solution (Tween 80) to enhance leaf adsorption and to keep the water insoluble dioxins in solution. Plants were harvested 2, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment, dissected into treated and untreated parts, and analyzed separately. Neither dioxin nor chlorophenol was translocated from the treated leaf. A rapid loss of the dichlorodioxin and dichlorophenol occurred from the leaf surface. This loss may have resulted from volatilization. Very little TCDD was lost from soybean leaves while a gradual loss (38% in 21 days) did occur from oat leaves. 

Treatment of an extracellular polysaccharide of Rhizobium japonicum (an important factor for nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between bacteria and soybeans) with liquid HF (—40°, 30 min) gave mono- and oligo-saccharides involving 0- -D-glucopyranosyl-( 1 - 3)-C>-(4-0-acetyl-a-D-galactopyrano-syluronic acid)-(l— 3)-D-mannose and its 1-fluoride. 

FUJITA H, YAMAGAMI T, OHSHIMA K (2001b) Fermented soybean-derived water-soluble Touch extract inhibits alpha-glucosidase and is antiglycemic in rats and humans after single oral treatments. /lyMr ". 131 1211-3. 

KROGDAHL A, HOLM H (1981) Soybean proteinase inhibitors and human proteolytic enzymes selective inactivation of inhibitors by treatment with human gastric juice. /M/fr. Ill 2045-51. 

FIG. 6 Potential difference between two Ag/AgCl electrodes in the stem of a soybean plant before any treatment of the plant. Distance between electrodes was 5 cm. (b) and (c) show short time intervals of (a). Volume of soil was 0.5 L. Frequency of scanning was 1000 samples per second. The plants were given water every other day and kept at 24°C. 

Addition to the soil of aqueous solution of FCCP induces action potentials in soybean (Figs. 14-16). After treatment of the soil with an aqueous solution of FCCP, resting potential, measured between two Ag/AgCl microelectrodes in the stem of a soy-... 

Figure 5. Relationship between extractable PAL activity and anthocyanin content of soybean hypocotyls of light-grown seedlings 48 h after treatment with various herbicides. Data points are mean values bounded by ellipses with axes 1 SE for each mean. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 31, Copyright 1983, Weed Science.

Figure 7. Leaf content of pisatin in pea (A) glyceollin in soybean ( ), and phaseollin in bean ( ) after 48 h after treatment with various levels of acifluorfen. Redrawn from (72).

The reported (14) mechanisms of action of allelochemlcals Include effects on root ultrastructure and subsequent Inhibition of Ion absorption and water uptake, effects on hormone-induced growth, alteration of membrane permeability, changes In lipid and organic acid metabolism, inhibition of protein synthesis and alteration of enzyme activity, and effects on stomatal opening and on photosynthesis. Reduced leaf water potential Is one result of treatment with ferulic and p-coumaric acids (15). Colton and Einhellig (16) found that aqueous extracts of velvetleaf (Abutllon theophrastl Medic.) Increased diffusive resistance In soybean fGlycine max. (L.) Merr.] leaves, probably as a result of stomatal closure. In addition, there was evidence of water stress and reduced quantities of chlorophyll In Inhibited plants. 

Soybean bloassays of root exudates. Four soybean seeds ( Bragg ) were planted In each of 100 12.5 cm plastic pots filled with an artificial soil mix consisting of perlite/coarse sand/coarse vermiculite 3/2/1 by volume. After one week the plants were thinned to two per pot and the treatments were begun. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 10 replications (pots) per treatment. On the first day of each week each pot was watered with 300 ml effluent from the appropriate growth units. On the fifth day of each week all pots were watered with Peter s Hydro-sol solution with CaCNOj. At other times the pots were watered as needed with tap water. On the second and fifth day of each week the height of the soybeans (base to apical bud) was measured. 

Two weeks after planting in the pipes, the plants were thinned to 35 pipe per pipe each and the cups to one plant each, and the treatments begun. Each first, third and fifth day of the week for twelve weeks the pipes were flushed with three liters of tap water poured in the elbow end. The water flowed past the plant root systems and drained out the screened end of the pipes into a flask. One hundred milliliter aliquots of this water ( root exudate ) were used to water the soybean plants in the cups three times weekly. After each flushing, two liters of a low nitrogen (50 ppm N) complete nutrient solution (Peter s Hydro-sol ) were added to each pipe. The soybean plants in cups were watered as needed at other times with tap water. On alternate weeks the soybean plants were fertilized with the complete nutrient solution. At 4, 8 and 12 weeks after the root exudate treatments started eighty soybean plants (10 treatments x 2 soybean varieties x 4 blocks) were randomly chosen for analysis. The soil was washed free of the plant roots and each soybean plant was divided into roots, nodules, stems, leaves and fruits. The plant parts were dried at 105°C for four days and weighed. 

The experimental design was a randomized complete block with eleven treatments, two soybean varieties and five blocks (reps). The experiment was conducted six times at two week intervals, starting four weeks after the weeds were planted in the pipes. 

Soybean dry matter production. The results of this bioassay are shown in Table II. The relative relationships of the different treatments were essentially the same for weeks four, eight, and twelve, so the results shown are mean values over all three harvest times. Values shown for fruit are means of weeks eight and twelve, since no fruit was produced at week four. Xanthlum significantly reduced both nodule dry weight and stem dry weight. However, neither fruit dry weight nor the total dry... 

In April of 1982 (flue-cured tobacco) and 1983 (soybean and sunflower), treatments were set up as follows (1) mulch removed ... 

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