Product responsibility

The law in Germany on Material Cycles and Waste Materials (1996) and on End-of-Life Vehicles (2002) attaches particular importance to material cycles and to producers being responsible for their products in the sense of eco-friendly manufacture. On a global scale, it can be seen that various governments put more or less emphasis on such legal regulations. The highest-developed countries should be pioneers in this respect. So what does product responsibility mean, and how can textiles be produced in accordance with it Producers should 

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There is a wide range of conversion levels. The term maximum conversion type has no precise definition but is often used to describe a level of conversion, where there is no net fuel oil manufactured. A fuel products refinery with specialities may manufacture lubricating oils, asphalts, greases, solvents, waxes and chemical feed stocks in addition to the primary fuel products. The number and diversity of products will naturally vary from one refinery to another. Refineries produce chemical feed stocks for sale to the chemical affiliates and do not have responsibility for the manufacture of chemical products directly. Both operations may be carried out at the same physical location but the corporate product responsibilities are usually separate. 

Refineries produce chemical feed stocks for sale to the chemical affiliates and do not have responsibility for the manufacture of chemical products directly. Both operations may be carried out at the same physical location but the corporate product responsibilities are usually separate. 

Figure 2. Reactant product response curves for a pump-probe pulse sequence in the TAP reactor.

Fishbein, B., Extended Product Responsibility A New Principle for Product-Oriented Pollution Prevention, Industry Program to Collect and Recycle Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) Batteries, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA530-R-97-009, Washington, DC, pp. 6-1-6-32, 1997. 

The first set of data is for oil production from 22 wells. A quaternary ammonium salt polymer clay stabilizer was utilized in five of the well treatments. Otherwise the 22 well treatment designs were identical. Use of the clay stabilizer in 5 well treatments resulted in a 131% production increase compared to a 156% increase after stimulation of 17 wells without clay stabilizer. Although the initial overall production response of the five clay stabilizer treated wells was less, the overall production decline rate was 4% per year compared to 16%/yr for the treatments which did not include the clay stabilizing polymer. This decline rate was determined for the period 4 to 24 months after well treatment. It is tempting to speculate that the lower initial production response of the five polymer treated wells was due to the formation of an adsorbed polymer layer which reduced formation permeability (particularly of the Wilcox Formation) significantly. 

Certainly, the identification of the degradation products responsible for the cytotoxic effects and their metabolic pathways require a thorough elucidation, and a cultured RPE offers a good model for these investigations. 

Dewhurst R J, Fisher W J, Tweed IKS and Wilkins R J (2003), Comparison of grass and legume silages for milk production. 1. Production responses with different levels of concentrates , Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2598-2611. 

Figure 3 illustrates a typical series of product responses. Nitrogen and N2O were formed immediately upon contact of the catalyst with H2 and the maximum in the signals for these products was observed in about 1.2 s. The hydrogen-containing products,... 

Table I lists the values of the rate coefficients used to simulate the transient response experiments shown in Figs. 3 through 8. These values were obtained in the following manner (29). Starting from a set of initial guesses, the values of k were varied systematically to obtain a fit between the predicted product responses and those obtained from experiments in which H2 was added suddenly to a flow of NO. These experiments while not described here were identical to that presented in Fig. 9, with the exception that only l NO was used. Because of the large number of parameters in the model, only a rough agreement could be achieved between experiment and theory even after 500 iterations of the optimization routine (30). The parameter values obtained at this point were now used to calculate the responses expected during the reduction of adsorbed NO. These computations produced responses similar to those observed experimentally (i.e., Fig. 3) but the appearance of the product peaks in time did not coincide with those observed. To correct for this, the values of kg, ky, and kg were adjusted in an empirical manner.

The rate parameters presented in Table I were used together with the parameter values listed in Table II to predict the product responses during the adsorption of NO on a hydrogen covered Rh surface and the subsequent reduction of the adsorbed... 

Table 7.2 ARMS data. Products responsible for adverse reaction complaints attributed to sulfiting agents, 1980-June 2000. (Data include adverse reactions reported to FDA before ARMS was officially established in 1985)...

M (decreased antibody production response to sheep red blood cells)... 

Electron-spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra with characteristic hyperfine structure have been recorded during the initial stages of the Maillard reaction between various sugar and amino compounds. The products responsible for the spectra appear to be IV, Af -disubstituted pyrazine radical cations. The pyrazine derivatives are assumed to be formed by the bimolecular condensation of two- and three-carbon enaminol compo-... 

Figure 6. Transient responses of pump-probe inputs (a) Oxygen and ethylene-d4 inputs (m/e = 32) separated by = 0.25 seconds (b) carbon dioxide (m/e = 44) product response (c) ethylene-d4 oxide (m/e = 48) product response (Note peak at t = 0.0 is minor contaminant in oxygen feed).

Stuehr, D. j., and Nathan, C. F. (1989). Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor cells. J. Exp. Med. 169, 1543-1555. 

Most responses to regulation are in a late stage of development and require only moderate development. Product responses will tend to be in somewhat earlier stages of development than process responses. 

Figure 5. Comparison of the threshold separation and time-corrected, normalized, resolution-product response surfaces for the eight component sample (Table ID). Response surfaces calculated via equations 9 and 10 using the isothermal retention surfaces of Figure 4.

Our experiments on the mutagenicity of these materials revealed that a water extract of the crumbs did not give a positive Ames test. On the other hand the ethanol extract after distillation produced reverted colonies in the range of the positive control (2-AF) with the most sensitive strains, but only without metabolic activation. The Maillard products responsible for mutations seemed to be metabolized in the living organism. In view of our experiments and the present international evaluation on heat-processed foods, the crumbs present no more detrimental risk to human health than other heat-processed foods, when consumed. 

Blair, R., Dewar, W.A. and Downie, J.N. (1973) Egg production responses of hens given a complete mash or unground grain together with concentrate pellets. British Poultry Science 14, 373-377. 

Controlling an integration program can be a Herculean task. With projects (and sub-projects) running in parallel and countless individual actions documented with concrete end products, responsibilities and deadlines, a high level of complexity is guaranteed. In addition, individual project teams often work at different locations in different countries. 

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