Soybean oils renewable resources

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

In our laboratory, we have reported the direct conversion of soybean oils in supercritical carbon dioxide to polymers with lower molecular weights (28). The resulting polymers could be used as lubricants and hydraulic fluids. The advantages of these polymers are their availability from a renewable resource, their biodegradability and their green processing method. Here, we discuss the synthesis and characterization of the resulting polymers from soybean oils. 

Soy Oil Systems successfully developed new polyols based on soybean oil oxidation (oxygen blown oils). Many other companies and research centres are involved in serious research on the valorification of natural renewable resources by transforming them into polyols and into PU. Very important research on unsaturated vegetable oil, chemical transformation into polyols for PU were developed in Pittsburg State University, Kansas (under Professor Zoran Petrovic), Henkel and Cognis (Sovermol polyols), Unichema (dimer acids and dimer diols etc.), Bayer, Cargill and other companies. 

Interest in polymeric materials prepared from renewable natural resources, such as soybean oil, has grown over the past decade. The advantages of these polymeric materials are their low cost, availability, and possible biodegradability (Kaplan, 1998). Among agricultural resources (starch, cellulose, fibers, polylactic acid, cashew nut... 

Liu, Z. S.Z. Erhan D.E. Akin F.E. Barton. Green composites from renewable resources Preparation of epoxidized soybean oil and flax fiber composites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54 2134-2137. 

It is now convincing that palm oil products are attractive renewable resources for the production of PHA. In order to ensure sufficient supply of this raw material for large-scale production of PHA, we should first take into account the amount of palm oil products generated in Malaysia every year. The data should include the net balance of global trade (import and export) and existing demand of end users. It was estimated that to produce 5,000 tons of PHA annually, approximately 7,000 tons of soybean oil were required with more than 150 batches of fermentation run (Akiyama et al. 2003). At the moment, this set of simulation is by far the closest and most relevant to the PHA fermentation from palm oil. Over the past decade, the average yield of palm oil on plantations has been measured at 3.8 tons per ha (Murphy 2007). Therefore, in order to produce 1 million tons of PHA, 450,000 ha of oil palm plantation is required. Hence, more lands have to be reclaimed to pave the way for new oil pahn plantation in order to produce more oil. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that the yield of oil could be doubled by... 

Research on J. curcas L. as a renewable resource has been carried out intensively because this plant is claimed to thrive on even the poorest stony soil and in very harsh climates. More importantly, the cultivation of Jatropha plants is estimated to cost less than soybeans (0.39 and 1.64 USD/kg oil, respectively) due to their lower fertilizer and pesticide requirements (Gui et al. 2008). In addition, J. curcas has a productive life of up to 50 years, and the seeds may yield up to 58 wt% oil (Marti nez-Herrera et al. 2006). Apart from the advantages mentioned above, it is speculated that jatropha oil has great potential as the feedstock for PHA production... 

Eco-efficiency demonstrated which vitamin B2 production process is the most eco-efficient. Three bio-technologicai processes and one chemical process were evaluated for the production of 100 kg of vitamin B2 for use in animal feed pre-mix. All of the processes include renewable resources such as plant oil or glucose as a raw material (Figure 3.6). The bio-technological processes use fermentation, while the chemical process starts with a bio-technological precursor like glucose or soybean oil and afterwards uses traditional chemistry to produce the vitamin B2. 

E. Can, S. H. Ksefoglu and R. P. Wool, Rigid thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. 11. Copolymers of soybean oil monoglyceride male-ates with neopentyl glycol and bisphenol A maleates , J Appl Polym Sci, 2002, 83, 972-80. 

Soybean, fish, com, tung, linseed and castor oils are the most common renewable resources used as precursors for the synthesis of vegetable oil-based polymers. Their composition in fatty acid is shown in Table 3.3 [3, 17]. The chemical structures of the most representative oils in these families are given in Scheme 3.2. 

Another class of important renewable resources is represented by triglyceride plant oils. Among these vegetable oils, palm oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil and sunflower oil are the four most important vegetable oils worldwide, holding a share of more than 80% of the market (Tan and Chow, 2010). Linseed oil and soybean oil are found to be the most popular epoxidized vegetable oils utilized today, since most of the potential vegetable oils are not available or their price is exorbitant. 

Yeast, Kurtzumanomyces sp. I-ll, produces mannosyl erythritol Upid (MEL) from soybean oil. MEL is a kind of biosurfactant and is classified by a glycolipid. MEL is the typical amphiphilic compound included in both lipophilic and hydrophilic moieties in the molecule. MET, is composed of mannose, erythritol, and fatty acids. Biosurfactants such as MEL have special properties over their chemically synthesized counterparts. The properties include low-toxicity, biodegradability, biological activity, a wide variety of possible structures, and ease of synthesis from inexpensive, renewable resources. Consequently, biosurfactants provide new possibilities for a wide range of industrial applications, especially the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical fields and chemicals for biotechnology. 

Processes and products developed to produce industrial materials from renewable resources have been too numerous to record here. For competitive reasons — supply of raw materials and technical and economic considerations — some of the products have varied widely in industrial use. Major U.S. industrial consumption of renewable resources have recently included oils and fats (animal and vegetable) industrial alcohol (wheat, corn, grain sorghum) fibers (cotton lint, flax, hides and skins) paper (forest products) isolated proteins (milk casein, animal glues, soybean, corn) turpentine and rosin (naval stores) and other chemicals (monosodiiim glutamate--wheat starch and dextrin—corn lactose—milk molasses and pulp residues --sugarcane and beet tannin lecithin pectin furfural). 

Soybean oil is an abundant annually renewable resource. It is composed of triglycerides with long chain saturated and unsaturated hitty acids. The presence of these unsaturated tty acids results in poor oxidative stability. However, this enhanced reactivity also allows for chemical modification to introduce new functionalities to the oil. A novel single-step catalytic ozonolysis and in-situ reaction will be described. The reaction proceeds rapidly and efficiently at room temperature in the absence of solvents. The catalytic ozonolysis reaction has been used to reduce the unsaturation in soybean oil, and successfiiliy prepare a number of potentially useful materials such as bio-lubricants with good thermal/oxidative stability, bio-diesel with thermal properties comparable to that of Diesel Fuel 2, and bio-plastic intermediates such as polyols, polyesters, and polyamides. This new class of soy-based materials is competitive both in cost and performance to petroleum based nuterials and offers the added advantage of being environmentally friendly and sustainable. 

Can, E., Kusefoglu, S., Wool, R.P., 2001. Rigid, thermosetting liquid molding resins from renewable resources. 1. Synthesis and polymerization of soybean oil monoglyceride maleates. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 81, 69-77. 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

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