Soybean oil lecithin

Lecithin. Lecithin [8002-43-5] (qv) is a mixture of fat-like compounds that includes phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamines, inositol phosphatides, and other compounds (37). Commercial lecithin was originally obtained from egg yolks, but is now extracted from soybean oil. Lecithin is used in many products, including margarine, chocolate, ice cream, cake batter, and bread. 

Propofol is properly named 2,6-diisoproplylphenol. Because there are 12 carbon atoms, this compound is not very soluble in water, and it is much more soluble in hydrophobic solvents. Therefore propofol is formulated as an emulsion2 of the 2,6-diisoproplylphenol suspended in a mixture of soybean oil and water. An egg-based phospholipid (e.g., lecithin) is added to stabilize the emulsion. By the way, you can buy flavored water-soybean oil-lecithin mixtures, but you call it mayonnaise. 

EC-25 . [Van Den Bergh Foods] Propylene glycol mono- and diesters, mono- and diglycerides, hydtog. soybean oil, lecithin, BHA, and citric acid food emulsifier for cakm, mixes. 

Degumming is a treatment with water (steam), which is mainly carried out with oils of high phospholipid content, e.g., soybean oil.(- lecithin). Alkali-refining is used to eliminate ffa. Almost all edible oils are processed in continuous plants today. The added NaOH forms salts, and the soap-stock ( foots ) is separated in a centrifuge from the oil, which is then washed and dried. Soapstock is a low-cost, valuable source for fatty acids. Steam-refining is done to remove the ffa by steam- distillation. 

The identity of the moiety (other than glycerol) esterified to the phosphoric group determines the specific phosphoHpid compound. The three most common phosphoHpids in commercial oils are phosphatidylcholine or lecithin [8002-45-5] (3a), phosphatidylethanolamine or cephalin [4537-76-2] (3b), and phosphatidjlinositol [28154-49-7] (3c). These materials are important constituents of plant and animal membranes. The phosphoHpid content of oils varies widely. Laurie oils, such as coconut and palm kernel, contain a few hundredths of a percent. Most oils contain 0.1 to 0.5%. Com and cottonseed oils contain almost 1% whereas soybean oil can vary from 1 to 3% phosphoHpid. Some phosphoHpids, such as dipaLmitoylphosphatidylcholine (R = R = palmitic R" = choline), form bilayer stmetures known as vesicles or Hposomes. The bdayer stmeture can microencapsulate solutes and transport them through systems where they would normally be degraded. This property allows their use in dmg deHvery systems (qv) (8). 

Fig. 2. Flow sheet of lecithin producing unit. Crude soybean oil is heated in the preheater, 1, to 80°C, mixed with 2% water in the proportion control unit, 2, and intensively agitated in 3. The mixture goes to a dweUing container, 4, and is then centrifuged after a residence time of 2—5 min. The degummed oil flows without further drying to the storage tanks. The lecithin sludge is dried in the thin-film evaporator, 6, at 100°C and 6 kPa (60 mbar) for 1—2 min and is discharged after cooling to 50—60°C in the cooler, 8. 9 and 10 are the condenser and vacuum pump, respectively.

Preparation of lipid microspheres. The lipid microspheres (lipo-PGEj) with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.3 p m arc prepared from the drug, soybean oil and lecithin (Figure 1). The drug to be enclosed in the microspheres is first dissolved in soybean oil, and then emulsified with lecithin by a Manton-Gaulin homogenizer (7,2). 

Propofol lOmg/mL Soybean oil, concentrated glycerin, egg yolk lecithin, edetate 19,451.2 852.5... 

Figure 6.17 Microscopy images of 1 wt% soybean oil-in-water emulsion (0.25 wt% modified lecithin, 0 or 0.25 wt% chitosan, pH = 3.0) following heat treatment (30-90 °C, 30 min). The scale bars correspond to 100 pm. Reproduced from Chuah et al. (2009) with permission.

From a technical standpoint, phospholipids (e.g., from soybean) are composed mainly of lecithin, cephalin, or phosphatidylinositol. These complex mixtures (2-3% in soybean oil) are hydrated during the degumming step, removed, and dried. These products are sold as commercial lecithin used in margarines, confections, and shortenings where a fat-soluble emulsifier is required. 

In commercial formulations, phospholipids are not available as pure products. Mostly they are obtained as a by-product of the process of refining vegetable oils, during the so-called degum-ming step (3,4), from which a liquid-to-pasty product is obtained that is referred to as lecithin. Lecithin contains about 65% phospholipids plus about 30% residual neutral lipids and minor amounts of glycolipids. For historical reasons, most commercially available lecithins are derived from soybean oil, but lecithins of other oils could be used as well. From this discussion it follows that the determination and quantification of phospholipids is of importance both to control how efficiently the phospholipids have been removed from vegetable oils and to control the quality of the lecithin. For this purpose it is important to know not only the total amount of phospholipids but also the amount of the different types of phospholipids present, because it is well known that the functional properties of the various phospholipids differ widely (2-8). 

One -A-Day Antioxidant Plus Antioxidant vitamins and mineral supplement Soybean oil, beeswax, partially hydrogenalcd vegetable oils Lecithin... 

Hiayzymc-lSS Simethicone Soybean oil, yellow wax, hydrogenated soybean oil, nnd vcg i4hle slmnening Lecithin and polysorfcatc tHJ... 

Chnirnagcrt FORTE Fcrructlc] (elemental iron) 4 ferrous fumsitatc (demerit iron). Ester-C . vitamin It it (cyanocohalamin), and Folic Acid Soybean Oil. yellow beeswax Lecithin... 

Primal are tine Omcgtt 3 Tally acids, liootcic acid, Jinolcnic acid, folic acid, pyridoxinc 11(11, FMer C cholccalcilcrol.dl-tdpha-tocophcryi acetate, calcium carbonate carbonyl iron Vegetable shortening, soybean oil, yellow beeswax Lecithin... 

TABLE 34.14 Examples of Soybean Oil and Lecithin Industrial Uses9... 

It is a complex mixture of acetone-insoluble phosphatides that consists chiefly of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol combined with various amounts of other substances such as triglycerides, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Refined grades of Lecithin may contain any of these components in varying proportions and combinations depending on the type of fractionation used. In its oil-free form, the preponderance of triglycerides and fatty acids is removed and the product contains 90% or more of phosphatides representing ah or certain fractions of the total phosphatide complex. Edible diluents, such as cocoa butter and vegetable oils, often replace soybean oil to improve functional and flavor characteristics. Lecithin is only partially soluble in water, but it readily hydrates to form emulsions. The oil-free phosphatides are soluble in fatty acids, but they are practically insoluble in fixed oils. When ah phosphatide fractions are present, Lecithin is partially soluble in alcohol and practically insoluble in acetone. 

Lecithin is the commercial name of a mixture of phospholipids obtained as a byproduct of the refining of soybean oil. Phosphatidylcholine is also known as lecithin, but the commercial product of that name contains several phospholipids including phos-... 

Lecithin-based o/w MEs for parenteral use were formulated using polysorbate 80, IPM (Isopropyl myristate), lecithin, and water at different lecithin-polysorbate 80 weight ratios [115]. The formulated systems were shown to be highly stable and of minimal toxicity when evaluated in vitro. Phospholipid-based ME formulations of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for parenteral administration were prepared and tested in vitro [116]. ATRA is effective against acute promyelocytic leukemia with highly variable oral bioavailability. Parenteral ME of ATRA was prepared using pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients, namely phospholipids and soybean oil. The inhibitory effect of ATRA on two human cancer cell lines (HL-60 and MCF-7) was not affected by incorporation into a ME formulation. 

The length of the dew period usually correlates with success or failure in a majority of the work referenced in this review. Recently, it has been reported that invert (water-in-oil) emulsion carriers composed of paraffin wax, mineral (paraffin) oil, soybean oil, and lecithin retarded water evaporation... 

Sicklepod Cassia obtusifolia (L.) Alternaria cassiae Jurair and Khan paraffin wax 5 x 10 mineral oil soybean oil corn syrup lecithin (soybean oil) 0-16 13 14 15... 

Phospholipids (Figure 3) are constituents of membranes and are only minor components of oils and fats, sometimes responsible for cloudiness. They are usually removed during degumming, the residue from soybean oil processing being a source of phospholipids used as food emulsifiers. The term lecithin is used very loosely for such material, and it may variously mean phosphatidylcholine, mixed glycerophospholipids, or cmde phospholipid extracts from various sources. Where possible, more specific nomenclature or the source and purity should be used (14). 

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