Soap-stock

Strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2, resembles slaked lime but is more soluble in water (21.83 g per 100 g of water at 100°C). It is a white dehquescent sohd with a specific gravity of 3.62 and a melting point of 375°C. Strontium soaps are made by combining strontium hydroxide with soap stocks, eg, lard, tallow, or peanut oil. The strontium soaps are used to make strontium greases, which are lubricants that adhere to metallic surfaces at high loads and are water-resistant, chemically and physically stable, and resistant to thermal breakdown over a wide temperature range (11). 

The phospholipids are biodegradable, but their presence m streams and water resources, especially in the form of soap stock, is undesirable. Fatly acid recovery from phospholipids is less than with neutral oils because of the lower fatty acid content. There are no known health hazards involved in the production of commercial lecithin from crude vegetable oils because the phospholipids are nonvolatile and are a nonirritaling food material. 

In the following study the conversion of non-refined palm oil, waste cooking oil, animal fats, deodorizer distillate, and soap stocks into biodiesel will be reported. Finally, the direct use of animal fat for the production of electricity will be discussed. 

The manufacture of fatty acids from triglycerides via their reaction with alkali followed by acidification is not used commercially. However, the recovery of fatty acids from alkali refining of fats/oils (to produce acid soaps) and soap reboiling operations (the recovery of fatty acids from the acidification of soap waste streams) are practiced still in special situations, for example, in edible oils refining where soap-stock that is generated from chemical (alkali) refining requires acidulation to produce acid oils with commercial value. 

In the batch refining process, the separation of the water phase containing soap-stock from the oil is by gravity. Some amount of neutral oil is lost by saponification and by occlusion in soapstock. 

Inventory Update Rule (lUR) (40 CFR 710). The lUR was established in 1986 to require manufacturers and importers of chemicals listed on the master TCSA Inventory to report current data every four years on the production volume of chemicals imported or produced. Food and feed products produced from natural agricultural product, such as oilseeds, are not required to be reported but all oU and meal products obtained by solvent extraction that is sold for other than food or feed use (e.g., oils as chemical raw materials and meal as fertilizer) are. Cottonseed oil, soap stocks, acidulated soap stocks, deodorized distillates, hydrogenated cottonseed oil are some of the substances reported by extraction and refining operations under lUR. EPA amended this rule in 2003 (1/9/03 68 FR 848). Cottonseed oil is on the list of partially exempt substances, which are not subject to the new reporting requirements for processing and use data but continue to have to report the current lUR information as well as manufacturing exposure-related information. 

Cmde oils, particularly soybean oil, contain significant quantities of organic phosphorus in the form of phosphatides. These compounds are removed to a large extent from the oil phase in the refining process. If refinery washwaters and soap-stock are acidulated, the phosphorus is then carried into the water phase. Other sources of phosphorus are in an oilseeds operation, but the majority results from the mechanism described above. 

Some of the commercial uses which the machine suggests are the recovery of oil from soap stock, the dehydration of crude petroleum and emulsions, the separation of amorphous wax from cylinder stock and the recovery of wool grease from waste scouring liquors. A brief description of the last application will make the commercial use of the machine plain. 

Use Leather dressing, soap stock, lubricant, glycerol, base for cosmetic creams hydrogenated to semisolid for use in food products waterproofing compositions, dietary supplement. 

Use Soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases, manufacture of stearic and oleic acids, animal feeds, abherent in tire molds. 

Stern, R., Hillion, G., Gateau, R and Guibet, J.C. (1986) Preparation of methyl and ethyl esters from crude vegetable oils and soap stock, in Proc. World Conference Emerging Technologies in the Fats and Oils Industry (ed A.R. Baldwin), AOCS Press, Champaign, IL, pp. 420 122. 

The byproducts of rice-bran oil refining include waxes, lecithin, soap-stock (containing high-value oryzanol), and deodoriser distillate containing sterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols and squalene. The characteristics and physical properties of purified rice wax are similar to camauba wax (Sayre and Saunders... 

Seetharamaiah, G.S., and Prabhakar, J.V. (1986) y-Oryzanol content of Indian rice bran oil and its extraction from soap stock. J. Food Sci. Technol., 23, 270-273. 

Soybean oil may be hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids, or soybean oil soap-stocks (foots) may be acidified to produce fatty acids. Crude soybean fatty acids are used to make adhesive tape, shaving compounds, textile water repellents, carbon paper, and typewriter ribbons. Consumption of fatty acids in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan was 2.3 MMT (2.5 million t) in 2001. These soybean fatty acids can be separated into various fractions by distillation, and are used in candles, crayons, cosmetics, polishes, buffing compounds, and mold lubricants. These fatty acids can be converted to FAME by esterification, alkyl epoxy esters by epoxidation, fatty alcohols by hydrogenation (Kreutzer, 1983 Voeste Buchold, 1983), and dimer and trimer acids by conjugation or amines and amides as shown in Fig. 17.7 (Maag, 1983). 

Olive oily which is obtained from the fruit of the olive tree, contains about 28 per cent of solid fat consisting of palmatin and a little arachidin. The rest is mostly olein. Substances present in smaller quantities are linolein, cholesterol, free fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matter. The oil is used as a salad oil, as a lubricant, in soap stock, and for other purposes. Its iodine value is 77 — 88. The elaidin test produces a solid mass within two hours. On account of its high cost it is frequently adulterated with cottonseed, peanut, lard, and other oils. 

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