Sources of value

Identifying the sources of value and the levers that must be pulled to change performance (we call these R D value drivers ). 

Value driver analysis, a development of financial analysis visualizations first created at DuPont [19], provides an intuitive, graphical way of breaking down the sources of value (Fig. 11.4) and, in conjunction with stochastic models of the project process, can be used to quantify the likely contribution of different kind of change. 

A third generally accepted source of values is the collection of TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (9) and utilized by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Conversion of these to Dp (10) involves three factors The first is division by 7/5 (= 1.4) to convert from a normal 5-day workweek to a 7-day exposure week. The second is division by 100 this allows for exceptionally sensitive individuals, who would not normally be part of the work force, and takes into consideration the completely involuntary and unsuspected nature of the exposure. The third factor converts from TLV (expressed in mg m-3) to a total dose the breathing rate, RB, for a 70-kg person (BW = body weight) doing light work is taken as 12.1 m3/8-hr day (10). Thus,... 

A fourth official source of values is the Food and Drug Administration, whose guidelines find occasional use in deriving PPLVs. For example, for a given compound, where the guideline is for concentration in beef fat,... 

Discussions of the value to be attributed to the preservation of a natural system invoke two distinct sources of value extrinsic and intrinsic values. Extrinsic value arises from the fact that the environment increases the satisfaction or utility of humans. In this utilitarian philosophy, nature has value insofar as it is useful or agreeable to humans. The intrinsic value of a natural system exists irrespective of its usefulness or amenity to humans. This view explicitly grants rights to exist to nonhuman species or to the environment as a whole. The intrinsic value approach may thus require decision makers to make decisions knowingly counter to their own present on future interests (Pannell and Schilizzi 1999). 

A well-known example is BASF s efforts to identify new sources of value for its automotive OEM (original equipment manufacturer) customers, which ultimately led it to install and run their paint shops as an integral part of their customers assembly lines—a far cry from just supplying paint. 

All these facts and unsolved problems require that the rate equations of type (2) be taken as semi-empirical expressions. They may be directly utilised for engineering purposes with higher certainty than eqn. (1), but they reflect the actual reaction mechanism only in general features. However, the constants are a good source of values for comparison of reactivities and adsorptivities of related reactants on the same catalyst. Such interpretations of experimental data are usually quite meaningful as is confirmed by successful correlations of the constants with other independent quantities. 

Over the last decade, a small but growing number of chemical companies (for example Dow Chemical, DuPont, ExxonMobil, but also a number of smaller players) have discovered procurement as a virtually untapped source of value creation, and have leveraged it from within their organizations to meet the profitability challenges facing their industry. 

In an industry as capital-intensive as chemicals, the focus on operational excellence of the last two decades is understandable. However, a significant additional source of value creation potential exists which is largely untapped creating a revenue advantage. Excellence in sales and marketing can lead to a tangible incremental improvement in ROS. In addition, a one percent improvement in price leads to significantly more value than a similar reduction in variable costs (Fig. 21.1). 

We find it helpful to consider the value creation process for leveraged buyouts along three dimensions transaction timing, value generation mechanisms, and the sources of value, linked to investor characteristics. This approach offers an entry point to understanding the interdependencies between the individual levers described above, and the overall process of buyout value generation. 

SOURCES of values Most were chosen such that = 0 at the same q as in the model potential due to Animalu and Heine (1965) and Animalu (1966). Values of q at the first crossing of the horixonial axis were taken from Cohen and Heine (1970, p. 235). The exceptions are O, S, and Cl, which were obtained from fitted pseudopotcntials (Cohen and Heine, 1970), and Rb and Cs, from Ashcroft and Langrcth (1967). 

Determining the uncertainty of a measurement increases its reliability, and in turn allows comparison of results obtained in interlaboratory studies and helps in deciding the significance of any difference between the obtained result and the reference value. The uncertainty of measurement is a component of uncertainty in all single steps of analytical procedures [5-9]. Therefore, the source of values and uncertainties for individual stages of individual analytical procedure should be specified [10-12]. 

Sharing manufacturing best practices and internal benchmarks can be a major source of value, especially when a deal unites players with widely different levels of skill. A typical deal of this sort would be a merger between a large global player and a smaller one, perhaps controlled, until recently, by the state. 

While profitably reducing environmental footprint has become a systematic source of value, DuPont has achieved less success applying the concept of sustainable growth to the innovation and new product development processes. DuPont does have examples of new products for which a major portion of the customer value results from the elimination of environmental problems for the customer. Examples of this include ... 

Overall, the chemical industry has approached sustainability as a way to preserve their right to operate in the face of significant environmental challenges. That is obviously an important source of value. While there are a number of examples of applying sustainability to improve margins, there are fewer examples of applying the concept to drive revenue growth. 

The secularized world of modernism made the autonomous individual or community the subject of knowledge, the source of values, the possessor of rights and the focus of utility. 

Other texts and sources of value are Cruess, Commercial Fruit and Vegetable Products Food Industries Manual issued by Food Manufacture and Flow-Sheets of the Food Processing Industry published by Food Engineering, formerly Food Industries. Some other texts are Food Processing by Duncan (1949), Nahrungs- und Genussmittelkunde (1949) by Delarich, and Foods Production, Marketing, Consumption by Stewart. Some older texts in which the stress is on preservation are Chenoweth s Food Preservation and Rector s Scientific Preservation of Foods. ... 

SOURCE of values for the Empirical Pseudopotential Method (EPM) Cohen and Bergstresser (1966). 

SOURCE of values W,, i and band width, from Chelikowsky and Cohen (1976b). The zero of energy was chosen to bring the Ge values of —(Eq. 18-12) and —(LCAO) into accord. 

The empirical dependence of TkvITg on Mg in Eq. (14.17) has a low correlation coefficient, originating from different sources of values for the two variables and the limited number of data points. Nevertheless, the information collected shows remarkable similarity between TkvITg and TJTg. This is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 11. 

The scarcity of nonrenewable resources amplifies the need to develop sustainable science-based solutions. Operating like a conventional refinery, the ICBR will make use of the entire corn plant. Purified sugars from the corn kernel will be the primary source of value-added chemicals, while researchers will convert the remainder of the corn plant, commonly called the stover, into fuel-grade ethanol and electrical power. 

As early as 1974, Thoma introduced the concept of time dependent junctions [24] in order to switch off and on connections between power ports. Mosterman picked up this idea and introduced controlled Junctions [21], In contrast to switched power junctions, a local control algorithm associated with a controlled junction switches off all adjacent bonds of a controlled junction when a switching device considered as an ideal switch turns off and re-activates all bonds when the switch is closed. That is, an ideal switch in ON-mode is represented by a standard 0- or 1-junction. In OFF-mode the junction is replaced by a source of value zero as shown in Fig. 2.10. 

As an example, the circuit with one switch in Fig. 4.1, is considered. To keep the illustration of the procedure short and simple it is assumed that only one parameter is uncertain. Accordingly, the incremental bond graph is obtained by replacing the element by its incremental model and by replacing the constant voltage source Se Vi by an effort source of value zero and by replacing detectors by dual virtual detectors for the variations of ARR residuals. 

Constant excitations to a system are represented by an effort or a flow source that provides an output of constant value. In the incremental bond graph these sources are replaced by sources of value zero. If a constant excitation, however, is to be considered uncertain, its source may be replaced in the incremental bond graph by a source modulated by the nominal value. For instance, let Se En represent a constant voltage or constant hydraulic pressure supply. If there is a relative uncertainty 8e = AE/E , then the constant effort source may be replaced in the incremental bond graph by an effort source MSe SsEn modulated by the nominal effort E obtained from the bond graph with nominal parameters. If the internal structure and the parameters of the device are known that provides the excitation and if possible disturbances acting on the device can be modelled, then an incremental bond graph model can be constructed that accounts for the uncertainty of the excitation. 

In the same manner, sensitivity component models can be obtained for the other bond graph elements. As junctions do not depend on parameters they remain junctions in a sensitivity pseudo bond graph. Sources that provide a constant become sources of value zero. Sensitivity component models of other elements differ from their element only by additional sinks. As a result, a sensitivity pseudo bond graph is of the same structure as the behavioural system bond graph. Moreover, causalities of the latter one are retained. 

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