Benchmarking internal

It is expected that the formulation scientist would use this information to benchmark internal development protocols and to cut the race to file short by adopting formulae that have survived the test of time. Many of us who have worked in the pharmaceutical industry suffer from a closed paradigm when it comes to selecting formulations not invented here perhaps subconsciously reigns in the minds of many seasoned formulations scientists when they prefer to choose only a certain platform for development. It is expected that with a quick review of possibilities available to formulate made available in this book, scientists will benefit from the experience of others. 

Santamaria E, et al. Clarified polypropylene—a new benchmark. International Polyolefins, conference proceedings. Society of Plastics Engineers 2007. 

Years ago, safety pioneers saw the need for structured SMS that were risk based, management led, and audit driven. Based on sound management principles, they realized that safety must be measured if it was to be improved. This measurement had to gauge effort rather than experience in the form of injury rates alone. Modern systems do just that and form a sound basis for safety benchmarking internationally. 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

Schwerdtfeger, P. (1991) Relativistic and Electron Correlation Contributions in Atomic and Molecular Properties. Benchmark Calculations on Au and Au2. Chemical Physics Letters, 183, 457 163. Neogrady, P., Kello, V., Urban, M. and Sadlej, A.J. (1997) Ionization Potentials and Electron Affinities of Cu, Ag, and Au Electron Correlation and Relativistic Effects. International Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 63, 557-565. 

Liroff offers a benchmarking tool to assess progress in corporate management of product detoxification. The tool can be used internally by senior corporate management teams or externally by investors and investment analysts to screen investments, assess best in class ... 

Liroff R. (2005). Benchmarking Corporate Management of Safer Chemicals in Consumer Products - A Tool for Investors and Senior Executives. Corporate Environmental Strategy International Journal for Sustainable Business. [Online - accessed 24 April 2007] Available from URL http //www.iehn.org/files/CES%20Benchmarking%20artide.pdf. 

Benchmarking quantify the operational performance of similar companies and establish internal targets based on best-in-class results. 

The PACE-T(H2) model analyses the world economy based on the GTAPinGAMS structure (Rutherford, 1998). It incorporates top-down benchmark data in the form of social accounting matrices to which the model is calibrated. The main data source for the calibration of national and international commodity flows is the GTAP5 database (GTAP, 2002). The trade shares of hydrogen and conventional cars are taken from the sector Motor vehicles and parts of the GTAP database. 

COMPAS Inc. (2002). F DA Environmental Assessment Regulations Project Benchmark Survey. A Report to Health Canada (POR-02-13) Office of Regulatory and International Affairs. Available at http //www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt formats/hpfb-dgpsa/pdf/contaminants/rep-rap por-02-03 e.pdf accessed 4/25/2007. 

The same pricing system, albeit with different benchmarks, applies to Austrian large-scale projects. As there are no suitable data available on the already completed projects at a national and international level, these figures are based on careful estimates (estimated average potential savings EUR... 

The pharmaceutical manufacturer may he claiming a pricing premium because of a claimed additional benefit (that is, improved effectiveness, a better adverse-event profile or delivery system) conferred by the new product over its therapeutic rivals. If no such benefit is established, the PBAC process is known as "cost minimization" and involves a recommendation for therapeutically equivalent doses and prices (Birkett, Mitchell, and McManus 2001). Once a decision is made to recommend listing of the drug for government reimbursement, the PBPA then evaluates the requested price against an international benchmark price and the clinical and cost-effectiveness data from the PBAC. 

As discussed in Chapter 5, benchmarks based on relevant populations, health end points, and internal doses (or plausible external doses) can be beneficial to study subjects and other concerned publics in evaluating individual and group biomonitoring results. For example, benchmarks could help to dampen health concerns that might otherwise be unduly high because of default lay beliefs about links between chemical body burdens and health outcomes. Conversely, exceedances of such benchmarks can be a signal for more attention and perhaps exposure reduction and other protective actions. 

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