Values extrinsic

Discussions of the value to be attributed to the preservation of a natural system invoke two distinct sources of value extrinsic and intrinsic values. Extrinsic value arises from the fact that the environment increases the satisfaction or utility of humans. In this utilitarian philosophy, nature has value insofar as it is useful or agreeable to humans. The intrinsic value of a natural system exists irrespective of its usefulness or amenity to humans. This view explicitly grants rights to exist to nonhuman species or to the environment as a whole. The intrinsic value approach may thus require decision makers to make decisions knowingly counter to their own present on future interests (Pannell and Schilizzi 1999). 

Coercivity of Thin-Film Media. The coercivity ia a magnetic material is an important parameter for appHcations but it is difficult to understand its physical background. It can be varied from nearly zero to more than 2000 kA/m ia a variety of materials. For thin-film recording media, values of more than 250 kA / m have been reported. First of all the coercivity is an extrinsic parameter and is strongly iafluenced by the microstmctural properties of the layer such as crystal size and shape, composition, and texture. These properties are directly related to the preparation conditions. Material choice and chemical inborn ogeneties are responsible for the Af of a material and this is also an influencing parameter of the final In crystalline material, the crystalline anisotropy field plays an important role. It is difficult to discriminate between all these parameters and to understand the coercivity origin ia the different thin-film materials ia detail. 

Ideal Performance and Cooling Requirements. Eree carriers can be excited by the thermal motion of the crystal lattice (phonons) as well as by photon absorption. These thermally excited carriers determine the magnitude of the dark current,/ and constitute a source of noise that defines the limit of the minimum radiation flux that can be detected. The dark carrier concentration is temperature dependent and decreases exponentially with reciprocal temperature at a rate that is determined by the magnitude of or E for intrinsic or extrinsic material, respectively. Therefore, usually it is necessary to operate infrared photon detectors at reduced temperatures to achieve high sensitivity. The smaller the value of E or E, the lower the temperature must be. 

The equihbtium lever relation, np = can be regarded from a chemical kinetics perspective as the result of a balance between the generation and recombination of electrons and holes (21). In extrinsic semiconductors recombination is assisted by chemical defects, such as transition metals, which introduce new energy levels in the energy gap. The recombination rate in extrinsic semiconductors is limited by the lifetime of minority carriers which, according to the equihbtium lever relation, have much lower concentrations than majority carriers. Thus, for a -type semiconductor where electrons are the minority carrier, the recombination rate is /S n/z. An = n — is the increase of the electron concentration over its value in thermal equihbtium, and... 

Semiconducting Ceramics. Most oxide semiconductors are either doped to create extrinsic defects or annealed under conditions in which they become non stoichiometric. Although the resulting defects have been carefully studied in many oxides, the precise nature of the conduction is not well understood. Mobihty values associated with the various charge transport mechanisms are often low and difficult to measure. In consequence, reported conductivities are often at variance because the effects of variable impurities and past thermal history may overwhelm the dopant effects. 

The conformation of bovine myelin basic protein (MBP) in AOT/isooctane/water reversed micellar systems was studied by Waks et al. 67). This MBP is an extrinsic water soluble protein which attains an extended conformation in aqueous solution 68 but is more density packed at the membrane surface. The solubilization of MBP in the AOT reversed micelles depends on the water/AOT-ratio w0 68). The maximum of solubilization was observed at a w0-value as low as 5.56. The same value was obtained for another major protein component of myelin, the Folch-Pi proteolipid 69). According to fluorescence emission spectra of MBP, accessibility of the single tryptophane residue seems to be decreased in AOT reversed micelles. From CD-spectra one can conclude that there is a higher conformational rigidity in reversed micelles and a more ordered aqueous environment. 

Binding of berberine caused changes in the circular dichroic spectrum of all B-DNAs with an increase of molar ellipticity of the 270 nm band the molar ellipticity value at saturation depended strongly on the base composition of DNA being larger for the AT-rich DNA than the GC-rich DNA. However, the generation of berberine-associated extrinsic circular dichro-ism bands was not dependent on the base composition or sequence of base pairs. 

C.-S. You, R. S. Parker, and J. E. Swanson, Bio availability and vitamin A value of carotenes from red palm oil assessed by an extrinsic isotope reference method, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 11 (2002) S348-S442. 

Exchangeability is calculated as the ratio of specific activities (dpm 1+5 Ca/ug Ca) of the mixture and supernatant, when the extrinsic isotope was added in ionizable form (Figure 1). Exchangeability values are expressed as decimal fractions. 

The in vitro procedure was tested in "critical" experiments designed to make direct comparisons of in vivo and in vitro estimates of exchangeability and potential bioavailability and to test the use of in vitro exchangeability values in in vivo experiments. (8). Three foods which were expected to show different levels of calcium solubility and exchangeability, collards, soybeans and spinach, were intrinsically labeled with 45Ca in nutrient solution culture. They were used together with 47 Ca as an extrinsic label in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. 

Current is not measured at equilibrium. Each electroanalytical laboratory will own its own set of electrodes, some large and some small. The current actually measured will be a simple function of the electrode area since charge is passed when electrolyte impinges on a electrode (if it is sufficiently polarized). Wfe see that current is an extrinsic quantity because its value depends on how much something we employ during the measurement. In this case, the something i.e. the current, relates to the electrode area. 

Table 4.6 Energy contributions deriving from extrinsic disorder of mixture (Fe,Mg)2Si04 at T = 1200 °C. Values expressed in J/mole is in bar (from Ottonello et al., 1990).

Increasing the impurity levels does not affect the intrinsic (left-hand side) of the graph. It does, however, increase the value of o (and thus of Ino) in the extrinsic region. As the activation energy, a, for cation movement stays the same, the slope... 

Doping can be divided into two parts native doping (e.g., S vacancies) and extrinsic doping by foreign elements. This section deals with the latter, not because it is more important but because there is httle in the literature to link native doping with the electrical properties of CD films. It will be enough to note that the few measurements of No (donor density) carried out tend to give values typically... 

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