Sources of funds

The cost of decommissioning may be considerable, and comes of course at the point when the project is no longer generating funds. Some source of funding will therefore be required, and this may be available from the profit of other projects, from a decommissioning fund set up during the field life or through tax relief rolled back over the late field production period. 

In the absence of a rislc allowance the cost of capital becomes a technical financial computation based on sources of funds and company policy. As such it will usually be presented as a figure specified For use in a particular appraisal and is therefore of little concern to the projec t assessor. However, the following resume indicates the lands of Factors to be considered. 

An income statement or profit-and-loss account gives the net annual profit A vp before tax. In order to assess the annual cash income Ac, as a source of funds from the value of the net annual profit A vp given in the income statement, it is necessary to add back all noncash expenses such as the balance-sheet annual depreciation charge Abd-This practice sometimes erroneously suggests that depreciation is a source of funds, whereas cash income is the only source of funds. 

A typical management accountant s statement for changes in working capital and sources and applications of funds is shown in Table 9-34. This is based on the following relation an increase in apphcation of funds equals an increase in sources of funds. The relation can also be expressed as follows an increase in assets plus a decrease in habil-ities equals an increase in liabilities plus a decrease in assets. 

The net result of an additional investment of resources in chemical engineering should be the creation of three balanced portfolios one of priority research areas, one of sources of funding for research, one of mechanisms by which that funding can be provided. 

Sources of funding a grant awarded by Pfizer to the University of Pennsylvania and a Public Health Service grant from the AHCPR for the second author. 

To declare conflicting interests. It is not unusual to find oneself amid a conflict of interests between individual welfare and social welfare, which do not necessarily amount to fraud or malpractice, but which it is desirable to make public - for example by making explicit reference to sources of funding - thus enabling the users of research to judge for themselves how important it is. 

Corporate support for Incubators Work was not withdrawn as the technology bubble burst, because Incubators Work as a collective entity reliably produced outputs such as education, social connections, and role models. This left individual entities such as Tunity Technologies, Vientity, and Scalable Systems free to search for viable niches, disciplined by the need to win external sources of funding. 

Both authors and publishers have ethical obligations. In publication of the results of research, the investigators are obliged to preserve the accuracy of the results. Negative as well as positive results should be published or otherwise publicly available. Sources of funding, institutional affiliations and any possible conflicts of interest should be declared in the publication. Reports of experimentation not in accordance with the... 

For HCS to be fully accepted by academia, several conditions will need to be fulfilled. Current HCS instruments are closed black boxes and their expensive maintenance contracts do not allow any hardware or software modifications for adaptation to the diverse needs of academic research. Academic research is typically more diversified than pharmaceutical industry research and the instruments need to be more customizable than they are now. In addition, the image and data formats need to be accessible and open. In academia data is shared between collaborators and will be analyzed with various, partly custom-made software. Therefore the data needs to be accessible and open. Lastly, the yearly costs of maintenance contracts and licenses are particularly difficult to finance in academic research that relies heavily on grants. Grants typically do not cover licensing costs or if they do, when the grant runs out, new sources of funding must be found. In reality, those costs must generally be covered by institutional funds. 

At minimum, the principles of autonomy and beneficence require that patients be told the source of funding for sponsored studies in which they are invited to enroll and advised of any potential conflicts between the physician s research interests and treatment recommendations. 

Davidson R. Source of funding and outcome of clinical trials. J Gen Intern Med 1986 1 155-158. 

Dr R.F. Walker, Explosives Division Chief, has provided financial support and encouragement to continue this work to its conclusion. Further financial support is expected from the sale of copies to non-governmental agencies and individuals by the National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia 22151. This additional source of funds will permit future volumes to be published much sooner... 

On first reaction, this would seem to be wholly good in that logically performance tests on the product should give the greatest certainty that it will be satisfactory in service. However, it is extremely difficult and expensive in most cases to devise adequate simulation rigs. The pressures of standardisation are to demand that they are produced quickly and almost inevitably without any obvious source of funding. The most expedient route often has to be taken and rarely are there the resources to properly evaluate and refine the methods decided on. 

The search by the business sector for new sources of technology and the avidity of universities for new sources of funding have started to give a new face to some academic environments. Academic-business relations take many forms investment of companies in complete projects or parts of projects, licensing for exploitation of patents, among others. 

A major part of the early stages of any investment project will involve the raising of the necessary finance for it, from internal or external sources, and at the lowest cost. A correspondingly important part of the appraisal process is therefore to examine the various sources of funds, and to try to put some relative value or cost on them. 

The cost of the company s own funds can thus be calculated, by means of the CAPM. However, it is an unusual company that does not have other sources of finance, each with its own cost (i.e. interest rates for different loans). The average cost of all of its sources of capital is expressed by a single figure, the weighted annual cost of capital ( WACC), calculated according to the relative amounts of each source of funds. 

Source of funds Rate — cost (%) Proportion of total (%) Product = cost component... 

With pure or fundamental research the provision of commercial opportunities is, by its very nature, a long way into the future. However, in industry this is the final objective, no matter how far into the future, it is not science for the sake of science. This type of long-term work is uncommon in most chemical companies and at best only represents a very small fraction of total R D budgets, even in the largest companies. It is often contracted out or carried out in collaboration with research institutes and universities, these bodies finding that it provides them with a useful source of funding and indeed a new role in the economic welfare of a country. The time frames and measures of success are quite different from product oriented research and when carried out in industry requires special management skills. This will be dealt with in Section C on innovation and creativity. 

The application should include a research proposal stating the purpose, source of funds, the duration of the programme, a list of biological and genetic materials and the amount to be acquired. A copy of the proposal must be submitted to the recognised head of the local or indigenous cultural community or communities that could be affected in order to secure the prior informed consent (PIC) certificate. 

---