Sorbitol mono

Propoxylated derivatives of sorbitol are used as the polyols in the formation of rigid polyurethane foams. Sorbitol can be dehydrated and esterified with stearic acid to give sorbitol mono- or tristearate. The ester then can be ethoxylated with about 20 ethylene oxide units to give an ethoxylated surfactant. Hydrolysis of sorbitol results with glycerin, which is used in the pharmaceutical and personal care products field [108,109],... 

Defirstion Partial ester of palmitic acid with sorbitol mono- and dianhydrides Empirical C22H42O6... 

Reduction. Mono- and oligosaccharides can be reduced to polyols (polyhydroxy alcohols) termed alditols (glycitols) (1) (see Sugar alcohols). Common examples of compounds in this class ate D-glucitol (sorbitol) [50-70-4] made by reduction of D-glucose and xyhtol [87-99-0] made from D-xylose. Glycerol [56-87-5] is also an alditol. Reduction of D-fmctose produces a mixture of D-glucitol and D-mannitol [69-65-8],... 

A series of sorbitol-based nonionic surfactants are used ia foods as water-ia-oil emulsifiers and defoamers. They are produced by reaction of fatty acids with sorbitol. During reaction, cycHc dehydration as well as esterification (primary hydroxyl group) occurs so that the hydrophilic portion is not only sorbitol but also its mono- and dianhydride. The product known as sorbitan monostearate [1338-41 -6] for example, is a mixture of partial stearic and palmitic acid esters (sorbitan monopalmitate [26266-57-9]) of sorbitol, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol [154-58-8] 1,4-sorbitan [27299-12-3] and isosorbide [652-67-5]. Sorbitan esters, such as the foregoing and also sorbitan monolaurate [1338-39-2] and sorbitan monooleate [1338-43-8], can be further modified by reaction with ethylene oxide to produce ethoxylated sorbitan esters, also nonionic detergents FDA approved for food use. 

Surface-active agents may be added during the processing of films (internal addition) or by surface treatment of the film (external addition). These tend to reduce the surface energy of the film/water droplet interface promoting a continuous film of water thus enhancing transparency. Examples include hydrophilic surfactants, such as sorbitol or glycerol fatty acid mono- or di-esters. 

The selective functionalization of saccharose and sorbitol with fatty acids for the construction of a perfect amphiphilic structure cannot be realized in simple technical processes because of the polyfunctionality of the molecule. This is why the products offered on the market contain different amounts of mono-, di- and... 

Xylometazoline hydrochloride 0.05%, Purified water, sorbitol, and mono and dibasic sodium phosphates. 

Lactitol. Lactitol (4-0-/ -D-galactopyranosyl-D-sorbitol), is a synthetic sugar alcohol produced on reduction of lactose, usually using Raney nickel. It can be crystallized as a mono- or di-hydrate. Lactitol is not metabolized by higher animals it is relatively sweet and hence has potential as a non-nutritive sweetener. It is claimed that lactitol reduces the absorption of sucrose, blood and liver cholesterol levels and to be anticariogenic. It has applications in low-calorie foods (jams, marmalade, chocolate, baked goods) it is non-hygroscopic and can be used to coat moisture-sensitive foods, e.g. sweets. 

Emulsifiers. The chemical structures of emulsifiers, or surfactants, enable these materials to reduce the surface tension at the interface of two immiscible surfaces, thus allowing the surfaces to mix and form an emulsion. An emulsifier consists of a polar group, which is attracted to aqueous substances, and a hydrocarbon chain, which is attracted to lipids. Emulsifiers include mono- and diglycerides, lecithin, propylene glycol esters, luctylated esters, sorbttan and sorbitol esters, polysorbate.x, and sucrose esters. 

Lithium chloride, preferably dissolved in absolute ethanol, has also been used306 419 420 for preparing alkyl chlorides. Dissolved in absolute ethanol-acetone (1 1, by vol.), it has recently414 found application with alditol sulfonates. Its action on l,4 3,6-dianhydro-2,5-di-0-mesyl-L-iditol, l,4 3,6-dianhydro-2,5-di-0-mesyl-D-mannitol, and l,4 3,6-dian-hydro-2,5-di-0-mesyl- (and -2,5-di-O-tosyl-) sorbitol resembles the action of sodium iodide on these compounds, i.e., the first displays no appreciable reaction, the second gives the 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dideoxy derivative, and the last two afford the respective monochloromonodeoxy-mono-O-sulfonyl derivatives. Treatment of l,4 3,6-dianhydro-2,5-di-0-mesyl-sorbitol during 48 hours at 180-90° gives some of a dianhydro-mono-chloromonodeoxy-sorbitoleen. 

Another class of nonionic surfactants are the alkyl glycosides, also known as alkyl polyglycosides [518], They consist of mono- or oligosucrose, glucose, or sorbitol as hydrophilic head group with an alkyl chain as hydrophobic tail. 

The acetonation of 2,4-benzylidene-D-sorbitol has been studied by Vargha135 and by Laan and Dekker 88 when copper sulfate is employed as the catalyst a mono- and a di-isopropylidene derivative (m. p. 179° and 131°, respectively) are obtained. An interesting point about the latter compound is that, unless acetal rearrangement occurs during the acetonation stage, it must contain at least one isopropylidene group which is not united to adjacent positions in the hexitol molecule. 

Polysorbate 60 occurs as a yellow to orange colored, oily liquid or semigel. It is a mixture of stearate and palmitate partial esters of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide (C2H40) for each mole of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides. It is soluble in water, in aniline, in ethyl acetate, and in toluene, but it is insoluble in mineral oil and in vegetable oils. 

Assay Not less than 27.0 g and not more than 34.0 g of polyols (as sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides) per 100 g of sample, and not less than 68 g and not more than 76 g of fatty acids per 100 g of sample, calculated on the anhydrous basis. 

The reaction of mono- and polynucleotides with high concentrations of sorbitol mediated by EDC results in the esterification of terminal phosphate groups. ... 

Synthesis from Poly-alcohols.—We come, now, to that group of mono-saccharoses, the hexose mono-saccharoses, which contains the most important simple sugars which are known, viz., glucose and fructose. The hexoses may be prepared, synthetically, by oxidizing the hexa-hydroxy alcohols, e.g. mannitol, dulcitol, sorbitol, etc. (p. 219). 

The thermal analysis studies of different forms of sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, magnesium stearate are reviewed in Ref. l Mono-, di-, and trihydrate of magnesium stearate as well as the amorphous form may be found. According to Wada and Matsubyara ° thermal analysis is the most appropriate method for characterization of magnesium stearate. 

Boronic acid is reported to form esters with D-sorbitol in alkaline solution. Van Bekkum et al. suggest the formation of a monoester involving the eryf/rro-configured diol while a mono-and a diester may be formed over a f/rreo-contigured site [40]. Tridentate D-sorbitol is found to occupy three of four coordination sites of the boron center in a ferrocene derivative with its hydroxyl functions at C2, C3, and C5 [46]. 

Sorbitan monoesters are a series of mixtures of partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides with fatty acids. Sorbitan diesters are a series of mixtures of partial esters of sorbitol and its monoanhydride with fatty acids. 

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