Anhydrides condensation with

Acid chlorides, and some anhydrides, condense with aniline to give anilides. 

The S3mthesis of antbraquinone is instructive. Phthalic anhydride condenses with benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride (shghtly more than two equivalents, see 1 above) to 3deld o-benzoylbenzoic acid, and the latter is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid ... 

Maleic anhydride condenses with 2-aminothiazole-4-carboxylic acid giving the raaleimide 107 (269) another report claims, however, that the reaction of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole with this anhydride gives the N-substituted maleamic acid (108) (Scheme 73) (270). 

Acetic anhydride, condensation with and acetylation of glycine, 46, 1 in cyclization of c-formylphenoxy-acetic acid to coumarone, 46, 28 in cyclization of hippuric acid to 2-phenyl-5-oxazolone, 47, 101 reaction with N-nitroso-N-phenyl-glycine to yield 3-phenylsydnone, 46,96... 

Phthalic anhydride condenses with the aniline derivative in the presence of zinc or aluminum chlorides to yield the intermediate benzoyl-benzoic acid, which subsequently reacts with l,3-bis-V,V-dimethylaniline in acetic anhydride to yield the phthalide. The above compound gives a violet-gray image when applied to a clay developer. Clearly this synthesis is also very flexible and variations in shades of color formers have been obtained by varying the aniline components and also by using phthalic anhydrides substituted, for example, by nitro groups or chlorine atoms. Such products have excellent properties as color formers and have been used commercially. Furthermore, this synthetic route is of great importance for the preparation of heterocyclic substituted phthalides, as will be seen later. 

Isatoic anhydride condensed with 3,4-dihydroisoquinazolines (471) to give the partially reduced title compounds (472) (70USP3497499). 

Isatoic anhydride condensed with the sodium salt of 2-aminothiophenol to give the intermediate benzamide (607), which underwent double ring closure with a-haloketones to quinazolino[2,3-c]l,4-benzothiazoles (608) (72IJC476). 

Succinic and glutaric anhydrides condense with benzene in similar manner (0. S., XIII., 12.)... 

Polysorbate 60 occurs as a yellow to orange colored, oily liquid or semigel. It is a mixture of stearate and palmitate partial esters of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide (C2H40) for each mole of sorbitol and its mono- and dianhydrides. It is soluble in water, in aniline, in ethyl acetate, and in toluene, but it is insoluble in mineral oil and in vegetable oils. 

In the Perkin reaction, acetic anhydride condenses with an aromatic aldehyde to yield a cinnamic acid. The reaction takes place by a mixed carbonyl condensation of the anhydride with the aldehyde to yield an a,/l-unsaturated intermediate that undergoes hydrolysis to yield the cinnamic acid. What is the structure of the unsaturated intermediate ... 

For some time considerable confusion existed as to whether the salt or the anhydride condensed with the aldehyde,9 10 for when benzaldehyde was heated with acetic anhydride and sodium butyrate, ethylcinnamic acid was found to be the main product.11 It is now quite clear, however, that it is the anhydride which undergoes condensation and that the sodium salt is simply the strongest commonly used base that will not destroy the anhydride. Thus acetic anhydride will condense with benzaldehyde in the presence of pyridine or triethyl amine whereas benzaldehyde, sodium acetate, and pyridine will not undergo the same reaction.12 When an acid salt different from the anhydride is employed, an equilibrium... 

That sodium acetate, and not the acetic anhydride, condenses with the benzaldehyde, is proved by the following facts If, instead of sodium acetate, sodium proprionate is used, and this is heated with benzaldehyde and acetic anhydride, cinnamic add is not obtained, but inethyl cinnamic acid ... 

Under the preparation of fluorescein, it has already been mentioned that phthalic anhydride condenses with phenols in certain proportions, to form derivatives of anthraquinone. The reaction just effected takes place in accordance with the following equation ... 

Similar results are obtained with I PCI3. Maleic anhydride condenses with... 

N-Substituted isatoic anhydrides condensed with S-methylthioureas to form 1-substituted 2-amino-quinazolin-4-ones in good yields. When S-N,N -trimethylthiourea was used, l,3-disubstituted-2-methylimino-l,2-dihydro-quinazolin-4-one was formed. ... 

Scheme 1.7. The reaction scheme for maleic anhydride condensation with ethylene glycol, showing fumarate group formation in unsaturated polyester resin. Adapted from Hephum (1982).

Maleic and phthalic anhydrides condense with amino acids under MW to afford the desired products in excellent yields [Eq. (78)] ... 

Hexahydrohomofolic acid (V.36) was synthesized by Nair et al. [221] by condensation of 2,4-diamino-6-chloro-5-nitropyrimidine with the amino ketal (V.37), followed by ketal acidolysis, reductive cyclization to a 7,8-dihydropteridine, aerobic oxidation, ester hydrolysis, A, A -bis(tri-fluoroacetylation), mixed anhydride condensation with diethyl L-glutamate, and cleavage of the ester and amide groups with base. Ketal (V.37) was... 

Commercial products are complex mixtures of partial esters of sorbitol and its mono- and di-anhydrides condensed with an approximate number of moles of ethylene oxide. The formula of a representative component is shown above. The polysorbates are miscible with water, as reflected in their higher HLB values (see Table 1.2), and are used as emulsifying agents for oil-in-water emulsions. 

Maleic anhydride condenses with butadiene to give AMetrahy-drophthalic anhydride. The latter can be hydrolyzed to the diacid [20]. 

Pielichowski et al. (2003) synthesized poly(aspartic add) from maleic anhydride under microwave irradiation. This procednre is multistep in nature and it includes hydrolysis of the maleic anhydride, condensation with ammonium hydroxide followed by polycondensation resnlting in poly(anhydroaspartic acid). This on hydrolysis yielded desired poly(aspartic acid) at room temperature The use of microwave irradiation (multimode microwave reactor) accelerated this process by a factor of ten without influencing the yield. 

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