Solid polyacrylate

Sun F, Castner D G and Grainger D W Ultrathin 1993 Self-assembled polymeric films on solid-surfaces. 2. Formation of 11-(n-pentyldithio)undecanoate-bearing polyacrylate monolayers on gold Langmuirs 3200-7... 

J.-L. Liao, C-M. Zeng, S. Hjeiten and J. Pawliszyn, Solid phase micro exti action of biopolymers, exemplified with adsorption of basic proteins onto a fiber coated with polyacrylic acid , ]. Microcolumn Sep. 8 1-4. (1996)... 

Solid-surface luminescence analysis involves the measurement of fluorescence and phosphorescence of organic compounds adsorbed on solid materials. Several solid matrices such as filter paper, silica with a polyacrylate binder, sodium acetate, and cyclodextrins have been used in trace organic analysis. Recent monographs have considered the details of solid-surface luminescence analysis (1,2). Solid-surface room-temperature fluorescence (RTF) has been used for several years in organic trace analysis. However, solid-surface room-temperature phosphorescence (RTF) is a relatively new technique, and the experimental conditions for RTF are more critical than for RTF. 

Several solid surfaces, such as filter paper, sodium acetate, and silica gel chromatoplates with a polyacrylate binder, have been used in solid-surface luminescence work (1,2). Experimentally it is relatively easy to prepare samples for analysis. With filter paper, for example, a small volume of sample solution is spotted onto the surface, the filter paper is dried, and then the measurement is made. In many cases, an inert gas is passed over the surface during the measurement step to enhance the RTF signal. For powdered samples, the sample preparation procedure is somewhat more involved. Commercial instruments can be readily used to measure the luminescence signals, and a variety of research instruments have been developed to obtain the solid-surface luminescence data (1,2). 

Polyacrylates are often added to drilling fluids to increase viscosity and limit formation damage. The filter-cake is critical in preventing reservoir invasion by mud filtrate. Polymer invasion of the reservoir has been shown to have a great impact on permeability reduction [98]. The invasion of filtrate and solids in drilling in fluid can cause serious reservoir damage. 

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) consists of dipping a fiber into an aqueous sample to adsorb the analytes followed by thermal desorption into the carrier stream for GC, or, if the analytes are thermally labile, they can be desorbed into the mobile phase for LC. Examples of commercially available fibers include 100-qm PDMS, 65-qm Carbowax-divinylbenzene (CW-DVB), 75-qm Carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (CX-PDMS), and 85-qm polyacrylate, the last being more suitable for the determination of triazines. The LCDs can be as low as 0.1 qgL Since the quantity of analyte adsorbed on the fiber is based on equilibrium rather than extraction, procedural recovery cannot be assessed on the basis of percentage extraction. The robustness and sensitivity of the technique were demonstrated in an inter-laboratory validation study for several parent triazines and DEA and DIA. A 65-qm CW-DVB fiber was employed for analyte adsorption followed by desorption into the injection port (split/splitless) of a gas chromatograph. The sample was adjusted to neutral pH, and sodium chloride was added to obtain a concentration of 0.3 g During continuous... 

HPLC solvents (PDMS-coated fibres are incompatible with hexane). PDMS fibres are more selective towards nonpolar compounds and polyacrylate fibres towards polar compounds such as acids, alcohols, phenols and aldehydes. Another feature of SPME fibre selectivity is discrimination towards high-MW volatiles. SPME has successfully been applied to the analysis of both polar and nonpolar analytes from solid, liquid or gas phases. Li and Weber [533] have addressed the issue of selectivity in SPME. 

In the 1990s, Pawliszyn [3] developed a rapid, simple, and solvent-free extraction technique termed solid-phase microextraction. In this technique, a fused-silica fiber is coated with a polymer that allows for fast mass transfer—both in the adsorption and desorption of analytes. SPME coupled with GC/MS has been used to detect explosive residues in seawater and sediments from Hawaii [33]. Various fibers coated with carbowax/divinylbenzene, polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene, and polyacrylate are used. The SPME devices are simply immersed into the water samples. The sediment samples are first sonicated with acetonitrile, evaporated, and reconstituted in water, and then sampled by SPME. The device is then inserted into the injection port of the GC/MS system and the analytes thermally desorbed from the fiber. Various... 

The following types of mucoadhesive preparations have been evaluated for ocular drug delivery hydrogels, viscous liquids, solids (inserts), and particulate formulations [57]. Hui and Robinson [58] introduced hydrogels consisting of cross-linked polyacrylic acid for ocular delivery of progesterone in rabbits. These preparations increased progesterone concentrations in the aqueous humor four times over aqueous suspensions. 

Figure 2 Typical viscosity vs. dispersant dose for Na polyacrylate on coating grade calcium carbonate 0.5 pm - 16% solids)...

A series of slurries of high solids, dispersed ground calcium carbonate were prepared. Firstly, a sample of Carrara marble was ground without dispersant to a mean size of 0.5 fim. This was then filtered to a solids level of 76% (volume fraction 46%), before being thoroughly mixed with the required dose of sodium polyacrylate dispersant and adjusted to a constant solids level of 70%. Doses ranged from zero to 25mgg (2.5%) of calcium carbonate. Samples were then left for two days to reach a steady-state adsorption level. After this they were sheared and their viscosity (Brookfield RV, 100 rpm, spindle 3) was measured. 

Figure 4 Log (viscosity) vs. Dose for Na polyacrylate on 0.5 pm calcium carbonate at 70% solids...

Figure 13 Effect of pH on viscosity of polyacrylate dispersed kaolin 0.6 pm, 70% solids)...

Latexes are usually copolymer systems of two or more monomers, and their total solids content, including polymers, emulsifiers, stabilizers etc. is 40-50% by mass. Most commercially available polymer latexes are based on elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers which form continuous polymer films when dried [88]. The major types of latexes include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyacrylic ester (PAE) and epoxy resin (EP) which are available both as emulsions and redispersible powders. They are widely used for bridge deck overlays and patching, as adhesives, and integral waterproofers. A brief description of the main types in current use is as follows [87]. 

The electrolyte is usually 20-28% aqueous solution of KOH. Solid-state compositions of KOH aqueous electrolyte obtained by addition of poly(ethylene oxide) [345] or polymer based electrolyte (based on polyacrylates) were also proposed [346]. For low temperature applications, higher concentrations of KOH were used, while for higher temperatures, sodium hydroxide was sometimes applied. The influence of the temperature from 0 to 200 °C, pressure and electrolyte concentration on the thermodynamic parameters of the cells, was studied in detail [347]. 

Glas-ionomer cements are acid-based materials (using, e.g., polyacrylic acid), whose setting reaction involves neutralization of the acid groups by powdered solid bases (calcium fluoro-aluminosilicate glasses). Resin-modified glass ionomer cements are hybrid materials prepared by the incorporation of polymerizable components such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. ... 

Odian et a1 (Refs 113,133 150) showed that the deflagration rates of many composite AP solid propints were affected by gamma doses of 5 x I07 R. Two poly sulfide-based proplnts (Thiokol TP-L-3014 and TP-L-3014a) showed rate decreases, polyurethane (Thiokol TP-6-3129), polyacrylate (Hercules HES-6420) and polyacrylonitrile (HES-6648) based proplnts showed increases, while hydrocarbon (Thiokol TP-H-3062) and cellulose acetate (Hercules HES-5808) proplnts showed no changes in deflagration rate. Since the composite propint formulations contain various additives besides the binder and oxidizer, an effort was made to determine the effect of radiation on the deflagration rates of binder and oxidizer separately and independent of additives... 

Benzodiazepines were the first class of heterocyclic compounds to be synthesized on the SynPhase surface. In 1994, Ellman and co-workers24 reported a 192 member library of structurally diverse 1,4-benzodiazepines. These compounds were prepared on Mimotopes pins that were grafted with polyacrylic acid, the surface originally used for antibody epitope elucidation.10 Ellman and co-workers25 subsequently synthesized a 1680-member 1,4-benzodiazepine library on SynPhase Crowns that were grafted with a methacrylic acid/dimethylacrylamide copolymer, one of the first SynPhase surfaces designed for solid-phase synthesis. The synthesis was performed on a preformed linker-template system in order to avoid low aminobenzophenone incorporation in this case the HMP acid-labile linker... 

GC combined with mass spectroscopic (MS) detection provides very accurate identification and quantification of FFAs. Pinho et al. (2003) monitored changes in the FFA content during the ripening of ewe cheese. Sampling was done by headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). An excellent correlation was observed between the initial concentration of the sample and the amount absorbed on the SPME fiber. SPME sampling was done at 65 °C with a fiber coated with 85-p.m polyacrylate film. After equilibration at 65 °C for 40 min, the fiber was exposed to the sample headspace for 20 min and inserted into the GC port. Despite its accuracy, the GC-MS method is not widely used, presumably because of its cost and complexity. 

Figure 11.15 Cation-exchange micro-LC analysis of a mixture of model proteins (a) the original sample consisting of myoglobin (M), cytochrome C (C) and lysozyme (L) (b) and (c) proteins adsorbed on to and then released from the polyacrylic acid coated fibre with extraction times of 5 and 240 s, respectively. Reprinted from Journal of Microcolumn Separations, 8, J.-L. Liao et al., Solid phase micro extraction of biopolymers, exemplified with adsorption of basic proteins onto a fiber coated with polyacryfic acid, pp. 1-4, 1996, with permission from John Wiley Sons, New York.

Ethvlenethiourea (2-mercaptoimidazolinej imidazolidine-2-thione imidazoline-2-thiol, VIII) is a water-soluble white crystalline solid used extensively in curing elastomers (rubbers, e.g., polychloroprenes, polyacrylates, etc.) It is also present as an impurity in the ethylene bisdithiocarbamates widely used as fungicides. When the fungicides are present as a contaminant in heated foods, they may be converted to the ethylenethiourea (ref. 

Vaes, H.J., C. Hamwijk, E.U. Ramos, H.J.M. Verhaar, and J.L.M. Hermens. 1996. Partitioning of organic chemicals to polyacrylate-coated solid phase. Anal. Chem. 68 44584 462. 

Pour 300 to 400 mL of deionized or distilled water into a beaker containing 1 g of sodium polyacrylate, stir, and obtain a solid gel in just a few seconds. 

Sodium alginate, 40, 122 Sodium polyacrylate, 122,130 Sodium polysulfide, 64 Solid-phase synthesis, 32 Solids, 17,19,134 Solution spinning, 171 Solutions and dispersions, 117-131. See also Fluids... 

Early antisealants used sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) as a threshold agent to inhibit the growth of calcium carbonate and sulfate-based scales.6 Most antisealants on the market today contain sulfonate, phosphate, or carboxylic acid functional groups. Perhaps the most effective antisealants today contain and blend of polyacrylic acid (PAA) and phosphoric acid or polyacrylate and a hydroyethylidene diphosphonate (HEDP).12 The polyacrylate-HEDP blends also claim to have good dispersion qualities toward silts and clays.12 Some new inhibitors include a chelant and disper-ant to keep suspended solids such as iron and manganese oxides in solution. These newer antisealants are generally more effective than SHMP for a variety of potential scales.6... 

The highest sonic damping is obtained in transition zones. The glass transition can be used for this purpose if cross-linked polymers are applied, with a rubbery solid state until far above Tg. Very interesting work in this field was done by Sperling and his coworkers (1987,1988) who studied the damping behaviour of homopolymers, statistical copolymers and interpenetrating networks (IPNs) of polyacrylics, polyvinyls and polystyrenes. 

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