Total solid content

In practice, tliere are various ways by which ( ) can be detennined for a given sample, and tire results may be (slightly) different. In particular, for sterically stabilized particles, tire effective hard-sphere volume fraction will be different from tire value obtained from tire total solid content. 

Total solids contents 36% (including dry rubber eonlent... 

Nitrile rubber/phenolic resin blends. Blends of equal parts by weight of a nitrile rubber and a phenolic resin in methyl ethyl ketone (at a 20-30 wt% total solids content) is suitable for many adhesive purposes. The more phenolic resin in the formulation, the greater the bond strength and brittleness of the NBR adhesive [67]. Table 10 shows the effect of phenolic resin on nitrile rubber properties. On the other hand, the higher the acrylonitrile content in the rubber. 

Dissolved Solids Boiling Pt/Freezing Point For Liquids/Solid Mixtures Bulk Density Total Solids Content Solids Size Distribution Suspended Solids Content Suspended Solids Settling Rate Dissolved Solids Content Free Water Content Oil and Grease Content Viscosity For Gases Density... 

However, these two reactions result in an increase in the total solid content of the mud, affecting the mud performance. 

Im summary, it was not possible to achieve all analytical goals in this study of AN/S polymerizations. We were unable to approximate total solids contents directly because of presence of insoluble polymer. Circumstantial evidence sug-... 

Latexes are usually copolymer systems of two or more monomers, and their total solids content, including polymers, emulsifiers, stabilizers etc. is 40-50% by mass. Most commercially available polymer latexes are based on elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers which form continuous polymer films when dried [88]. The major types of latexes include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyacrylic ester (PAE) and epoxy resin (EP) which are available both as emulsions and redispersible powders. They are widely used for bridge deck overlays and patching, as adhesives, and integral waterproofers. A brief description of the main types in current use is as follows [87]. 

Gel lacquer formulations used for dip coating. The early catapult propellants were inhibited by dipping in a lacquer consisting of toluene 80p, acetone 20p and a total solids content of 15-18%. The grains were dipped twice and had a cured inhibitor thickness of 20 to 30 mils. As the size of experimental slotted tube catapults increased, coatings of 100 mils were required. This necessitated an increase of the solid content to 25-27%. As this soln was too viscous some methylol was incorporated in solvent formulation. In order to improve the room temp gelling characteristics an aliphatic hydrocarbon was added... 

Neoprenes. Of the synthetic latices, a type that can be processed similarly to natural mbber latex and is adaptable to dipped product manufacture, is neoprene (polychloroprene). Neoprene latices exhibit poor initial wet gel strength, particularly in coagulant dipped work, but the end products can be made with high gum tensile strength, oil and aliphatic solvent resistance, good aging properties, and flame resistance. There are several types of neoprene latex, available at moderately high (ca 50 wt %) and medium solids content. Differences in composition between the types include the polymer s microstmcture, eg, gel or sol, the type of stablizer, and the total solids content (Table 22). 

C The difference between the total solids content and dry mbber content. 

A reaction vessel consisting of phenol (1040 ppw), water (226 ppw), and sodium sulfite (305 ppw) was warned to 57°C and treated with 50% aqueous formaldehyde (532 ppw) over 25 minutes where the mixture exothermed to 80°C. After the addition the mixture was warmed to 100°C for 60 minutes and then cooled to 80°C and additional 50% formaldehyde (1094 ppw) added to the reaction mixture over 30 minutes. The reaction extent was monitored by determining the concentration of free phenol in the mixture. When the free phenol content was about 0.7% by weight the mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and a third quantity of formaldehyde (850 ppw) added. The isolated resin had a total solids content of 47 wt%, a free formaldehyde content of 12.6 wt%, and a free phenol content of 0.3 wt%. 

Fermented milk products exhibit thixotropic rheological properties, i.e. the viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases as the rate of shear increases a typical relationship is shown in Figure 10.33. The rheological properties are major parameters of quality and are controlled by varying the total solids content of the milk, the heat treatment and homogenization of the milk and the use of hydrocolloids, e.g. gelatin or carageenan. 

The thermal expansion coefficient governs the influence of temperature on density and therefore it is necessary to specify temperature when discussing density or specific gravity. The density of milk is of consequence since fluid milk is normally retailed by volume rather than by mass. Measurement of the density of milk using a hydrometer (lactometer) has also been used to estimate its total solids content. 

The density and specific gravity of milk vary somewhat with breed. Milk from Ayrshire cows has a mean specific gravity of 1.0317 while that of Jersey and Holstein milks is 1.0330. Density varies with the composition of the milk and its measurement has been used to estimate the total solids content of milk. The density of a multicomponent mixture (like milk) is related to the density of its components by ... 

Equations have been developed to estimate the total solids content of milk based on % fat and specific gravity (usually estimated using a lactometer). Such equations are empirical and suffer from a number of drawbacks for further discussion see Jenness and Patton (1959). The principal problem is the fact that the coefficient of expansion of milk fat is high and it contracts slowly on cooling and therefore the density of milk fat (Chapter 3) is not constant. Variations in the composition of milk fat and in the proportions of other milk constitiuents have less influence on these equations than the physical state of the fat. 

The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat energy, in kJ, required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1 K. The specific heat of skim milk increases from 3.906 to 3.993 kJ kg-1 K-1 from 1 to 50°C. Values of 4.052 and 3.931 kJ kg-1 K-1 have been reported for skim and whole milks, respectively, at 80°C (Sherbon, 1988). The specific heat of milk is inversely related to its total solids content, although discontinuities have been observed around 70-80°C. Skim-milk powder usually has a specific heat in the range 1.172-1.340kJ kg-1 K-1 at 18-30°C. 

Table I. Total Solids Content of Complex Coacervate and Supernatant Phases...

Analysis of the processes of polymerization revealed that the production volume of the ABS resin increases by shortening the processing time with a shorter reaction time, an increase in the rubber content of latex, a decrease in the rubber content of the final ABS injection molding products and extrusion products, or an increase in the total solid content of latex (9). 

G.-S. Kim, C.-H. Lee, B.-T. Yang, and J.-B. Chai, Method for preparing acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene latex having high total solid content,... 

Milk composition expressed in terms of the contents of water (or total solids = 100 - water), fat, protein, lactose, and ash is called gross composition. Protein is often calculated as crude protein by multiplying total N by 6.38, but sometimes it is corrected to true protein 6.38 (TN -NPN) in a few studies, casein and whey protein have been calculated separately. Lactose should be expressed on an anyhydrous basis, but as pointed out previously, this has not always been done. For bovine milk the sum of fat, true protein, anhydrous lactose, and ash would be expected to fall about 0.2-0.3 percentage units short of the total solids contents because of the materials (citrate, NPN, and mis-... 

Interest in milk density is twofold. It has been used, along with the fat test, to estimate total solids contents. Raw milk is purchased by weight, but processed milk is sold by volume. 

Torssell et al. (1949) attempted to develop a mathematical relationship among the viscosity, temperature, and total solids content of skim milk and whole milk. After showing that Walther s equation... 

C should apply to the undenatured milk system. There is a marked decrease in heat capacity as the total solids content of the sample is increased (Rambke and Konrad 1970) with some discontinuities around 70 and 80°C (Agarwala and Ojha 1973). Dried skim milk products have heat capacities of 0.28 to 0.32 cal g 1C 1 in the 18 to 30°C temperature range (Buma and Meerstra 1969). 

Menefee, S. G. and Overman, 0. R. 1939. The relation of the refractive index of evaporated and condensed milk serum to the total solids content. J. Dairy Sci. 22, 831-840. 

Standardization of the milk fat and total solids contents of milk is accomplished by blending cream or skim milk with separated milk. Modern technology has developed continuous standardization processes that use turbidity or infrared absorption measuring devices to monitor and adjust the composition of the product as it leaves the separator. It is important that milk be accurately standardized to meet governmental legal requirements and to manufacture dairy products with optimal functional and quality attributes. 

Several compositional and processing variables affect the physical stability of the casein micelles in frozen milk concentrates. These factors include pH, mineral composition, total solids content, forewarming treatment, homogenization and fat content, freezing rate, storage temperature, and fluctation of storage temperature (Keeney and Kroger 1974 Webb 1970). 

This requires a second zeolite tank that has a zeolite resin in the hydrogen form in addition to the usual tank with the resin in the sodium form. The two tanks are operated in parallel. In one tank, calcium and magnesium ions are replaced by hydrogen ions. The effluent from this tank with the resin in hydrogen form is on the acid side and has a lower total-solids content. The total flow can be proportioned between the two tanks to produce an effluent with any desired alkalinity as well as excellent hardness removal. When the hydrogen resin is exhausted, it is regenerated with acid. 

TABLE 2. LIMITS FOR TOTAL SOLIDS CONTENT IN BOILER WATER (DRUM BOILERS)... 

The higher, long-chain dimers as well as the tetramer dehydroacetic acid are far more stable and can be handled safely. The alkylketene dimers (AKDs) are shipped to the paper industry in tank trucks in the form of ready-to-use aqueous emulsions with a total solids content of 12—25% and a guaranteed shelf life of 30 days, as they have good hydrolytic stability. In this form they are not combustible liquids, and are listed in the Canadian Domestic Substances List. 

In the sludge-thickening and dewatering section, polymer is added to thicken the sludge from 1 percent total suspended solids content to about 3 percent. Ferric chloride and diato-maceous earth are then added, prior to dewatering in conventional filter presses. The filter cake will have a total solids content of about 20 percent, which is high enough that no free liquids will be present. 

ISO (2004a). Cheese and Processed Cheese—Determination of the Total Solids Content (Standard ISO 5334/IDF 4). International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. 

Total solid content 12 PVC membrane sensors Screen-printed sensors, FIA Water, beverages [34]... 

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