Surface origin

In total, 550 analyses were conducted from samples taken at this site. These data indicate that only 5.8 percent of the 10.9 acres contaminated represented the road surfaces originally sprayed. The remaining surface contamination probably resulted from dispersion by wind, vehicular traffic, runoff, etc. The total TCDD sprayed was probably about 340 grams, with 74 percent still on the areas sprayed. Mean, volume weighted, TCDD concentrations in the sprayed and dispersed areas were 469 and 31 ppb, respectively. Concentrations in individual composite samples collected from sprayed areas ranged up to 1,800 ppb. About 90 percent of the TCDD was contained in 13 percent of the soil volume. 

The last term comes from the assumption that every oxygen atom adsorbing on the surface originates from a water molecule of the bulk electrolyte reservoir ... 

C. G. Gahmberg and L. C. Anderson, Leucocyte surface origin of human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (oroso-mucoid), J. Exp. Med, 148, 507-521 (1978). 

Fig. 1.9 Scanning electron micrograph (x750) of a macroporous film showing A, superficially smooth surface originally in contact with glass slide B, surface layer cleaved away (serendipit-ously) to show rough porous interior C) rough porous interior, edge view (bar = 10 pm).

The reason for the success of such a simple model is that the dominating force in determining the surfactant composition on the surface originates from the free energy gain of replacing hydrocarbon-water contacts with hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon and water-water contacts when a surfactant molecule is adsorbed into the surfactant monolayer. 

Solvent Interactions. Consider an electrode surface originally free of contact-adsorbed ions. The metal is partially covered with solvent molecules, and the ions, beyond the IHP, may or may not be solvated (Fig. 6.90). 

The forms of SiC found in sediments and sedimentary rocks are quite varied but those which could be suspected of near surface origin are generally as follows quartz, chalcedony, opal, amorphous gels and ionic forms in solution. Natural occurrences indicate that the solid forms of silica precipitate which has crystallized after the time of initial deposition (Siever, 1962). 

When a jet of fluid submerged in a medium of that fluid strikes a surface perpendicularly, it spreads out radially over that surface. Original interest in these systems was due to mass transfer investigations of downward directed jets of vertical-take-off aircraft [41], though other applications such as electrochemical machining are important. 

Benzodiazepines were the first class of heterocyclic compounds to be synthesized on the SynPhase surface. In 1994, Ellman and co-workers24 reported a 192 member library of structurally diverse 1,4-benzodiazepines. These compounds were prepared on Mimotopes pins that were grafted with polyacrylic acid, the surface originally used for antibody epitope elucidation.10 Ellman and co-workers25 subsequently synthesized a 1680-member 1,4-benzodiazepine library on SynPhase Crowns that were grafted with a methacrylic acid/dimethylacrylamide copolymer, one of the first SynPhase surfaces designed for solid-phase synthesis. The synthesis was performed on a preformed linker-template system in order to avoid low aminobenzophenone incorporation in this case the HMP acid-labile linker... 

The (unfiltered) Fourier transform of this image is reproduced in Fig. 7. It shows a map of the k vectors that contribute to the standing wave pattern. Spots reflecting the reciprocal lattice of the Cu(lll) surface (originating from the atomic resolution) and circles corresponding to the 2D Fermi contour, i.e. the crossing of the Fermi level by the surface state, are... 

As previously mentioned, the functionalization of the external surface of liposomes was achieved through the preparation of mixed liposomes. In this manner, the functional moieties at the external surface originate from the amphiphilic components, which were incorporated in these mixed liposomes. It was thus possible to monitor the reactivity of liposomes by changing the type and concentration of the incorporated recognizable lipid. 

Figure 6. SIMS depth profiles of Ti/thick Cu peel strip surfaces originally deposited on polyimide, exposed to h2ol8 and peeled (a) as-deposited and (b) after 350"C forming gas anneal (200W,30min RF)...

Reaction of a CHCIF, molecule with an alumina surface originating Bransted acid sites... 

Paces, Tomas. Active mineral surfaces origin and possible effects on trace elements in natural water systems, p. 361-368, Hemphill, D. D., ed., "Trace Substances in Environments Health-VI Univ. Missouri, Columbia." 1973. 

The two eigenvectors associated with the two positive eigenvalues of a (3, +1) critical point also define a unique surface but in this case all of the trajectories in this surface originate at the critical point and p(r) is a minimum at Tj. The third eigenvector defines a unique axis and the two trajectories on this axis terminate at r. Thus the phase portraits of a (3, + 1) critical point are the reverse of those found for a (3, — 1) critical point. 

A so-called tip-induced local metal deposition" was recently achieved in systems k i hkt)/C and Ag(/i /)/Cu with hkt) - (100), (111) using the in situ STM technique by Kolb et al. [6.187, 6.188]. First, a certain amount of metallic copper is cathodically deposited on the tip. Copper is then transferred fi-om the tip to the substrate by bringing the tip closer to the substrate surface. Originally, this was achieved by pulse polarization changing the sign of the tunneling voltage, f/r. The... 

Fig. 12 Octahedral representation of Fe(CO)4 T (8) t Jahn-Teller surface (originally devised by Poliakoff and Ceulemans in [66]). The non-Berry pseudo-rotation paths shown in Fig. 11 are the paths between opposite vertexes on the octahedron, which are C2v minima ( ) reached by following the forward and reverse directions of epikernel E. The Cj saddle-points (x) lie at the centre of each edge...

Figure 5. Logarithmic plot of the square root of the HRS intensity, recorded for both the input fundamental and the output harmonic intensities polarized along the Ox direction, versus the diameter of the particles. The slope is 1.9-1-/—0.2 in agreement with a surface origin of the signal (Reprinted from 44 with permission from the American Physical Society)...

Radiation that is emitted by the surface originates from the thermal energy of matter bounded by the surface. The rate at which energy is released per unit area Wjvr ) is determined by the surface emissive power E. For a blackbody the emissive power (representing a theoretical maximum rate) is prescribed by the Stefan-Boltzmann law ... 

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