Nanoparticles solid

As a result of their size and of specific interactions, hydrophilic macromolecules or solid nanoparticles cause strong changes in micellar size and dynamics, and their structural and dynamic properties are strongly affected. In these cases, the distribution among reversed micelles can be only described by ad hoc models [13,123]. 

The initial transition of dissolved silicate molecules into solid nanoparticles is perhaps the least explored step in the synthesis of zeolites. One impediment to understanding this mysterious step is the poorly elucidated molecular composition of dissolved particles. The major mechanistic ideas for the formation of zeolites approach these structures differently i) many researchers believe that secondary building units (SBU) must be present to form initial nanoslabs [1,2] ii) some others prioritize the role of monomers to feed artificially introduced crystal nuclei or assume that even these nuclei form via appropriate aggregation of monomers [3] iii) silicate solutions are also frequently viewed as random mixtures of various siloxane polymers which condense first into an irregular gel configuration which can rearrange subsequently into a desired crystal nucleus at appropriate conditions [4,5],... 

J.E. Kipp, The role of solid nanoparticle technology in the parenteral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs, Int. J. Pharm., 284, 109-122 (2004). 

Several types of particulate compounds have been studied so far. Among these are solid nanoparticles containing gadolinium complexes 98) or macro-molecular systems such as polylysine 99). 

Whereas nanodiamond can be considered as an analog to solid nanoparticles, meso-porous carbon materials such as the CMK materials24 introduced in Chapter 2 are... 

It was discussed that the structure created by the ternary system oil/water/ nanoparticle follows the laws of spreading thermodynamics, as they hold for ternary immiscible emulsions (oil 1 /oil 2/water) [114,116,117]. The only difference is that the interfacial area and the curvature of the solid nanoparticle has to stay constant, i.e., an additional boundary condition is added. When the inorganic nanoparticles possess, beside charges, also a certain hydrophobic character, they become enriched at the oil-water interface, which is the physical base of the stabilizing power of special inorganic nanostructures, the so-called Picker-... 

Another important method for photonic crystal fabrication employs colloidal particle self-assembly. A colloidal system consists of two separate phases a dispersed phase and a continuous phase (dispersion medium). The dispersed phase particles are small solid nanoparticles with a typical size of 1-1000 nanometers. Colloidal crystals are three-dimensional periodic lattices assembled from monodispersed spherical colloids. The opals are a natural example of colloidal photonic crystals that diffract light in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions due to periodic modulation of the refractive index between the ordered monodispersed silica spheres and the surrounding matrix. 

The hydrophobic core of nanoparticles is mostly made of solid glassy polymers such as polycaprolactone, polylactide, and their random copolymers. Drags are physically trapped and dispersed in the core. Except for the initial burst release period, the drug release from the solid nanoparticle cores tends to be a slow diffusion-controlled process [126]. Thus, nanoparticles responding to the acidic environments of tumor intercellular fluid or intracellular acidic compartments have been developed for fast drug release. 

Marciano, V., Minore, A. and Liveri, V.T. (2000) A simple method to prepare solid nanoparticles of water soluble salts using water-in-oil microemulsions. Colloid Polym. Sci., 278, 250-252. 

Nanofluids are solid nanoparticles or nanofibers in suspension in a base fluid. To be qualified as nanofluid it is generally agreed that at least one size of the solid particle be less than 100 mn. Various industries such as transportation, electronics, food, medical industries require efficient heat transfer fluids to either evacuate or transfer heat by means of a flowing fluid. Especially with the miniaturization in electronic equipments, the need for heat evacuation has become more important in order to ensure proper working conditions for these elements. Thus, new strategies, such as the use of new, more conductive fluids are needed. Most of the fluids used for this purpose are generally poor heat conductors compared to solids (Fig. 1). 

Fig. 1 Self-assembly of solid nanoparticles at the oil-water interface...

There are numerous examples in which nanostmetured materials have been used in hthium ion batteries. In the sections below we provide various examples according to the form of the material porous solids, nanoparticles, and nanotubes/nanowires. 

Metal colloids, i.e., colloidally stable dispersions of metal particles in the size range 1-10 nm, are often considered to be an intermediate between classical homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. On the one hand, like heterogeneous catalysts such colloids contain more than one phase, i.e., the solid nanoparticle... 

Zhang, S and K. Kawakami. One-step preparation of chitosan solid nanoparticles by electrospray... 

Chevalier Y, Bolzinger M-A. Emulsions stabilized with solid nanoparticles Pickering emulsions. Colloids and Surfaces A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2013 439(0) 23-34. 

Micelles are important in many uses of surfactants for their capacity to solubilize water-insoluble compounds. Vesicles are model systems for biological cells and can be used for entrapping active compounds in their insides. Besides, vesicles and micelles are used as microreactors for performing chemical reactions and preparing solid nanoparticles of varied shapes. 

Encapsulation is the process of obtaining small solid nanoparticles, liquid nanodroplets or gas nanobubbles with a polymeric coating. We will give a historic account of some of the early work on encapsulating inorganic pigments and fillers with a polymer through (mini)emulsion polymerization. 

The use of a high-energy homogenization step to prepare the submicrometer-sized monomer droplets for the Pickering miniemulsion process could be a drawback for industrial scale-up. A better outcome could be achieved by the equivalent emulsion polymerization process in which solid nanoparticles were used as solids stabilizer. 

Figure 7 Release profiles for doxorubicin ( ) diffusing in solution and (O) encapsulated in solid nanoparticles obtained from polymerization of methylcyan acrylate in a microemulsion consisting of Aerosol OT, butanol, hexane, ethylene glycol, and methylcyan acrylate. (Adapted from Ref 53.)...

Some published papers have described a strategy to increase the cell uptake of Ru -NO and improve blood pressure control (48,53,54) Essentially, liposome, solid nanoparticles, and gold nanoparticle have enabled encapsulation/anchoring of the NO-donor ruthenium complexes. Slow decomposition of the nanoparticle, followed by an intracellular chemical process or by light irradiation of the encapsulated compound, produces... 

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