Nanostructure inorganic

The aim of this chapter is to review current results on nanostructured inorganic actinide compounds, i.e. compounds with nanoscale clusters and stmctural units. At present, we discuss only those stmctures that are accessible via X-ray difJraction analysis, i.e. highly ordered assemblies of units with at least dimension on the level of more than 1 nm. 

Figure 4 Sonochemical synthesis of nanostructured inorganic materials.

This approach towards nanostructured inorganic-organic hybrid materials is the first one to allow the synthesis of inverse-topology systems, in which the hydrophobic polymer blocks represent the outside of the microphase-separated structure. After solidification of the inorganic sol, the hydrophobic phase can be swollen with organic solvents. This procedure allows the isolation of colloidal objects, such as spheres or ceramic rods (see Fig. 12), from one another, which are sterically stabilized, because the hydrophihc block is firmly anchored in the ceramic material [45]. 

The electrodeposition of nanostructured inorganics from LLC phases is a further example of the versatility provided by bulk lyotropic liquid crystal phases as templating media [70,71]. In all these cases the structure can be predicted from that of the parental mesophase. By careful choice of surfactant, addition of a swelling agent and by changing the temperature and composition of the lyotropic phase it is possible to alter pore size and architecture of the nanostructure in a controllable manner. 

Q. Wang, Z. Wen, J. Li, Solvent-controlled synthesis and electrochemical lithium storage of one-dimensional Ti02 nanostructures . Inorganic Chemistry, 45, 6944-6949, (2006). 

J. A. Chang, et al. High-performance nanostructured inorganic-organic heterojunction solar cells. Nano Jitters, 2010.10(7) p. 2609-2612. 

Chen H, Wang Y, Dong S. An effective hydrothermal route for the synthesis of multiple PDDA-protected noble-metal nanostructures. Inorganic Chem 2007 46(25) 10587-93. 

In the second case (Method II), the organic component consists of a linear polymer interdispersed within nanostructured inorganic domains. 

The aim of the present study is to develop new methods for the fabrication of nanoporous biopolymer materials by combining recent advances in the field of elaboration of nanostructured inorganic materials and biodegradable polymer. For this purpose we synthesized poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA) copolymerized with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). 

For technical purposes, triblock copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) are frequently used (often called poloxamers) [5]. Since approximately 1950, these polymers have been produced on large scale as Pluronics (BASF), Synperonics (ICI), or Genapol, and the self-assembly of these systems is already the subject of a large number of investigations (see e.g., [6-10]). More recently, BCPs have been used as templates for the preparation of ordered nanostructured inorganic materials such as SBA-15 [11-13], or in the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles [14-23]. 

The possibility to combine different reinforcement phases in a polymer matrix was also recently considered in order to obtain multifunctional systems with increased mechanical and thermal properties providing also an antimicrobial response. In a recently accepted paper [160] Fortunati et al. demonstrated the high potential benefits offered by nanotechnology in the development of tailor-made nanobiocomposites with specific applications by the combination of two different synthesized nanostructures inorganic nanoparticles and cellulose nanocrystals in a biodegradable polymer matrix. 

Inorganic carbohydrate hybrid systems - Limited information is available on the use of saccharides in nanostructured inorganic hybrids. Some papers describe the incorporation of nanosized clays in thermoplastic starch by exfoliation 21-22), Recently the synthesis of starch/clay superabsorbents was reported (23). Several studies concern the preparation and properties of organo-silicon derivatives and cellulose-based hybrids (24-25). Inorganic starch hybrids with electrorheological activity were prepared using in situ sol-gel synthesis... 

The synthesis of nanostructured inorganic materials by sonochemical had already been synthesized a large number of nanostructures of different compositions with comparable or better than the properties of the same when summed with other preparation methods. The versatility of this method also extends to the relative flexibility of reaction conditions such as the nature of the precursors and their solutions, the possibility of addition of auxiliaries, and the presence of traps (species immobilized) to the nanoparticles. All types of metallic nanostructured materials synthesized by sonochemical described (powders, colloids, or nanoparticles supported) can also be obtained for other classes of compounds such as oxides [58-60], sulfides [61], Suslick [20, 62], and more recently selenides [63, 64] and tellurides [65]. 

Boissiere C, Grosso D, Chaumonnot A, Nicole L, Sanchez C (2011) Aerosol route to functional nanostructured inorganic and hybrid porous matoials. Adv Mater 23 599-623... 

Murphy, C.J., Gole, A.M., Hunyadi, S.E. and Orendorff C.J. (2006) Onedimensional colloidal gold and silver nanostructures. Inorganic Chemistry, 45, 7544-54. 

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