Artificial feed

It has been stated that idiopathic hypercalcemia has not been known to develop in a wholly breast-fed infant (B6). Morgan et al. (M3), however, have described an infant who was still breast fed at the time of diagnosis at 8 months of age and whose intake of cow s milk consisted only of that present in puddings and other cereal foods. The association between artificial feeding and idiopathic hypercalcemia has been related to the fact that the calcium content of cow s milk is four times that of human milk. On the other hand the phosphorus content of cow s milk is also higher, and this has been suggested as a cause of hypocalcemia in infants (G2). 

Another possible explanation is that in artificial feeding of infants in Britain dried milk powder is predominantly used. In the United States canned evaporated milk is much more popular. Sinclair (S5) states that the essential fatty acid content of dried cow s milk is lower than that of liquid cow s milk and has put this forward as a possible etiological factor. Yet in Britain idiopathic hypercalcemia has occurred in infants who have never received dried milk powder. 

Since the early Japanese studies on DSP, the toxins in mussels and scallops were suspected to be different. The main diarrhetic toxin found in scallops was found to be a mixture of 7-(9-acylderivatives of dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1), ranging from tetradecanoic acid (C14 0) to docosahexaenoic acid (C22 6to3), and designated as dinophysistoxin-3 (DTX-3) (Yasumoto et al. 1985). These acylated forms have never been found in marine microalgae, and so it was presumed that they originated in the bivalve by acylation (Lee et al. 1989). Direct evidence of this biotransformation by shellfish was obtained by artificially feeding scallops with D. forth collected from the sea (Suzuki et al. 1999). 

In liver cirrhosis, a lactovegetarian protein supply always has to be given preference ammonia-forming animal proteins should only be present in the food in low quantities and consumed every few days. Malnutrition has to be eliminated by corresponding dietetic measures. In severe eases of disease, artificial feeding (enteral, or for a short time parenteral) may be reeom-mended. (20, 25, 30-32) (s. pp 742, 850)... 

Mashako MNL, Cezard JP, Boige N, Chayvialle JA, et al. The effect of artificial feeding on cholestasis, gallbladder sludge and lithiasis in infants correlation with plasma cholecystokinin levels. Clin Nutr 1991 10 320-7. 

As in argininosuccinic aciduria, there are two main clinical categories, an infantile and an adult type. Adults with hyperammonemia may be symptom free, having only an aversion to protein foods. In the infant, symptoms are usually severe. Vomiting is frequently the first symptom. It may occur in the first few weeks of life, especially if artificial feeding... 

Grulee C, Sanford H The influence of breast and artificial feeding on infantile eczema. J Pediatr 1936 72 411-414. (Ila)... 

Wernerman J, Hammarqvist F. Bacterial translocation Effects of artificial feeding. Curr Opin Clin Nutt Metab Care 2002 5 163-166. 

Infantile scurvy appeared late in the last century when it first became possible for infants to survive on artificial feedings. It seldom develops... 

Dunstan, G.A., Volkman, J.K., and Maguire, G.B., 2000, Optimisation of Essential Lipids in Artificial Feeds for Australian Abalone, FRDC Project 94/85, CSIRO Marine Research, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, 68. 

Artificial Feeding of an n-3 Essential Fatty Acid-Deficient Diet Leads to a Loss of Brain Function in the First Generation... 

Grulee, C., and Sandford, H., 1936, The influence of breast feeding and artificial feeding in infantile eczema, J. Pediatr. 9 223. 

Although parenteral infusions of amino acid solutions have been used successfully in pediatrics for 33 years, the precise requirements of amino acids and the physiological limits for artificial feeding of very young children have not yet been established. Our studies of these problems are by no means completed. A number of methodical problems have been pointed out. For these reasons it has been impossible to provide final data on all amino acids requirements for prematures. In many cases, only approximate values can be given. What is the importance of these measured values ... 

These studies show very clearly that it is not possible to draw any conclusions concerning the metabolic effects of a nutritive amino acid solution used in infants merely from nitrogen balance studies. The rate of protein synthesis rate during the period of artificial feeding might conceal possible disturbances of the synthesis of important structures or functions of certain organs, which for example are well known to us as secondary damage of an inborn error of the amino acid metabolism. 

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