Supercapacitors solid electrolytes

Charge-discharge plot of PMT-AC hybrid solid electrolyte supercapacitor at different cycles (a) 1st, (b) 100th, (c) 200th,... 

Solid ionic conductors can also be used in the fabrication of solid state double-layer supercapacitors. An example is the device developed in the late 1960s by Gould Ionics which adopted a cell system using a silver-carbon electrode couple separated by the highly ionically conducting solid electrolyte RbAg4I5 (see Section 9.1) ... 

A. Yoshizawa, M. Takeda, Y. Oura, Y. Takemoto and K. Naoi, Low-molecular-weight soluble polyaniline for electrolytic capacitor, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 45 H. Yamamoto, K. Kanemoto, M. Oshima and I. Isa, Self-healing characteristics of solid electrolytic capacitor with polypyrrole electrolyte, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 855 M. Mastragostino, R. Paraventi and A. Zanelli, Supercapacitors based on composite polymer electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000,147, 3167. 

Zhong, J., Fan, L.-Q., Wu, X., Wu, J.-H., Liu, G.-J., Lin, J.-M., Huang, M.-L., Wei,Y.-L., 2015b. Improved energy density of quasi-solid-state supercapacitors using sandwich-type redox-active gel polymer electrolytes. Electrochim. Acta 166,150-156. 

Fei, H.J.,Yang, C.Y, Bao, H., Wang, G.C., 2014. Flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors based on graphene/ carbon black nanoparticle film electrodes and cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol)-Fl2S04 porous gel electrolytes. J. Power Sources 266, 488 95. 

FIGURE 2.83 CV curves of as-prepared solid-state supercapacitors with different electrolytes at 100 mV s" scan rate, (a) H3PO4-PVA and (b) H2SO4-PVA electrolyte, (c) Base gel electrolytes KOH (straight line) and NaOH (dashed line) and (d) neutral gel electrolytes NaCl (straight line) and KCl (dashed line). (Chen, Q. et al. 2014. Effect of different gel electrolytes on graphene-based solid-state supercapacitors. RSC Advances 4 36253-36256. Reproduced by permission of The Royal Soeiety of Chemistry.)... 

Francisco, B. E., C. M. Jones, S. H. Lee, and C. R. Stoldt. 2012. Nanostructured all-solid-state supercapacitor based on LijS-PjSj glass-ceramic electrolyte. Applied Physics Letters 100 103902. 

Yoon, Y. S., W. I. Cho, J. H. Lim, and D. J. Choi. 2001. Solid-state thin-film supercapacitor with ruthenium oxide and solid electrolyte thin films. Journal of Power Sources 101 126-129. 

Latoszynska, A. A., G. Z. Zukowska, I. A. Rutkowska et al. 2014. Non-aqueous gel polymer electrolyte with phosphoric acid ester and its application for quasi solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 274 1147-1154. 

Chen, Q., X. M. Li, X. B. Zang et al. 2014. Effect of different gel electrolytes on graphene-based solid-state supercapacitors. RSC Advances 4 36253-36256. 

Anothumakkool, B., A. T. A. Torris, S. N. Bhange, M. V. Badiger, and S. KurungoL 2014. Electrodeposited polyethylenedioxythiophene with infiltrated gel electrolyte interface A close contest of an all-solid-state supercapacitor with its liquid-state counterpart. Nano scale 6 5944-5952. 

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2014. All-solid-state supercapacitors with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-coated carbon fiber paper electrodes and ionic liquid gel polymer electrolyte. Journal of Power Sources 245 857-865. 

Pandey, G. R, and S. A. Hashmi. 2013. Performance of solid-state supercapacitors with ionic liquid l-ethyl-3-methylimidazohum tris(pentafluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate based gel polymer electrolyte and modified MWCNT electrodes. Electrochimica Acta 105 333-341. 

Zhou, J., Y. Yin, A. N. Mansour, and X. Zhou. 2011. Experimental studies of mediator-enhanced polymer electrolyte supercapacitors. Electrochemical and Solid-... 

Yu, H., J. Wu, L. Fan et al. 2011. Improvement of the performance for quasi-solid-state supercapacitor by using PVA-KOH-KI polymer gel electrolyte. Electrochimica Acta 56 6881-6886. 

Yu, F. D., M. L. Huang, J. H. Wu et al. 2014. A redox-mediator-doped gel polymer electrolyte applied in quasi-solid-state supercapacitors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131 39784. 

Hashmi and Upadhyaya compared the electrochemical properties of the electrochemically synthesized MnO /PPy composite electrodes, fabricated with different electrolytes, namely polymer electrolyte film (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]-HjPO aqueous blend), aprotic liquid electrolyte (LiClO -propylene carbonate [PC]), and polymeric gel electrolyte (poly methyl methacrylate [PMMA]-ethylene carbonate [EC]-PC-NaClO ) [60]. The cell with aqueous PVA-H PO showed non-capacitive behavior owing to some reversible chemical reaction of MnO with water, while the MnO / PPy composite was found to be a suitable electrode material for redox supercapacitors with aprotic (non-aqueous) electrolytes. The solid-state supercapacitor based on the MnO /PPy composite electrodes with gel... 

Sensors Actuator Electrode for Secondary Battery, Solid Electrolytic Capacitor or Supercapacitor Field Effect Transistor Electromagnetic Interference Absorbing Material... 

All-soKd-state supercapacitors are desirable to prevent or reduce corrosion, self-discharge, low energy density, and bulky design [153]. The two types of electrolytes used in all-solid-state supercapacitors are gel electrolytes and solid polymer electrolytes (typically used in battery and fuel cell membranes). 

Panero, S., A. Clemente, and E. Spila. 1996. Solid state supercapacitors using gel membranes as electrolytes. Solid State Ionia 86-88 1285. 

Fig. 39.1a shows a schematic representation of the HUP/C supercapacitor a pure solid electrolyte membrane separates two composite electrodes composed of a mixture of highly polarizable electrode particles and electrolyte crystallites. Current collectors and plastic encapsulation complete the component. The manufacturing process involves (i) synthesis of electrolyte powder for the pure electrolyte membrane (ii) synthesis of the intimate mixture of composite electrode parts (iii) pressure performing of the membrane (iv) assembly of the two composite electrodes and the... 

For the first time, a totally solid-state electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated using PEO-KOH-H2O as the SPE and the polymer electrolyte could replace large amount of liquid KOH electrolyte [17,18]. The ideal rectangular shape of cyclic voltammety result for this solid-state EDLC was obtained, and the real value of specific capacitance was 90 F g". It was only slightly lower than that of liquid electrolyte supercapacitor, and it might be related to the electrode material and structure. 

Flexible supercapacitors were made from PEDOT nanolibers as electrodes and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanolibers as separator by Larfogue et al. [19]. The PEDOT nanolibers were produced by combination of electrospinning and vapor-phase polymerization to form a conductive mat, and were used as the active material (electrodes), separated by a sheet of PAN nanolibers. Carbon-based clothes were used as the current collectors. The material layers were stacked together and embedded in a solid electrolyte containing an ionic liquid and polyvinylidene lluoride-co-hexa-fluoro-propylene (PVDF-co-HFP) as the host polymer. 

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