Sodium metallation

Sodium metal should be handled with great care. It cannot be maintained in an inert atmosphere and contact with water and other substances with which sodium reacts should be avoided. 

The less hindered f/ans-olefins may be obtained by reduction with lithium or sodium metal in liquid ammonia or amine solvents (Birch reduction). This reagent, however, attacks most polar functional groups (except for carboxylic acids R.E.A. Dear, 1963 J. Fried, 1968), and their protection is necessary (see section 2.6). 

Sodium metal (0.23 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in abs. EtOH (30 ml), Gramine (1.74g, 10 mmol) and diethyl formamidoinalonate (2.03 g, 10 mmol) were added, followed by slow addition of dimethyl sulfate (2.52 g). The solution was allowed to stand at room temperature for 4h, during which a precipitate formed. The mixture was poured into water and the product collected by filtration (99% yield). 

Sodium ethoxide is prepared by the reaction of sodium metal with ethanol... 

Using Equation (1.7) calculate the velocity of photoelectrons ejected from a sodium metal surface, with a work function of 2.46 eV, by ultraviolet light of wavelength 250 nm. 

Sodium hydride is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen and molten sodium metal dispersed by vigorous agitation ia mineral oil (4). 

A 25% dispersion of NaH crystals ia oil is obtained. The commercial product, after filtration, is a 60% dispersion of NaH crystals (5—50 p.m). The oil dispersions can be handled quite safely because the oil phase provides a barrier to air and moisture, whereas the unprotected crystals react vigorously. Traces of unreacted sodium metal give the product a gray color. 

The use of alkaU metals for anionic polymerization of diene monomers is primarily of historical interest. A patent disclosure issued in 1911 (16) detailed the use of metallic sodium to polymerize isoprene and other dienes. Independentiy and simultaneously, the use of sodium metal to polymerize butadiene, isoprene, and 2,3-dimethyl-l,3-butadiene was described (17). Interest in alkaU metal-initiated polymerization of 1,3-dienes culminated in the discovery (18) at Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. that polymerization of neat isoprene with lithium dispersion produced high i7j -l,4-polyisoprene, similar in stmcture and properties to Hevea natural mbber (see ELASTOLffiRS,SYNTHETic-POLYisoPRENE Rubber, natural). 

These reactions are usehil for the preparation of homogeneous difunctional initiators from a-methylstyrene in polar solvents such as tetrahydrofuran. Because of the low ceiling temperature of a-methylstyrene (T = 61° C) (26), dimers or tetramers can be formed depending on the alkaU metal system, temperature, and concentration. Thus the reduction of a-methylstyrene by sodium potassium alloy produces the dimeric dianionic initiators in THF (27), while the reduction with sodium metal forms the tetrameric dianions as the main products (28). The stmctures of the dimer and tetramer correspond to initial tail-to-tail addition to form the most stable dianion as shown in equations 6 and 7 (28). 

Other Metals. AH the sodium metal produced comes from electrolysis of sodium chloride melts in Downs ceUs. The ceU consists of a cylindrical steel cathode separated from the graphite anode by a perforated steel diaphragm. Lithium is also produced by electrolysis of the chloride in a process similar to that used for sodium. The other alkaH and alkaHne-earth metals can be electrowon from molten chlorides, but thermochemical reduction is preferred commercially. The rare earths can also be electrowon but only the mixture known as mischmetal is prepared in tonnage quantity by electrochemical means. In addition, beryIHum and boron are produced by electrolysis on a commercial scale in the order of a few hundred t/yr. Processes have been developed for electrowinning titanium, tantalum, and niobium from molten salts. These metals, however, are obtained as a powdery deposit which is not easily separated from the electrolyte so that further purification is required. 

Once purification of the niobium has been effected, the niobium can be reduced to the metallic form. The double fluoride salt with potassium, K2NbFy, can be reduced using sodium metal. The reaction is carried out in a cylindrical iron vessel filled with alternating layers of K NbF and oxygen-free sodium ... 

Reactions. Phosgene interacts with many classes of inorganic and organic reagents. The reactions have been described extensively (10). Reaction with sodium metal takes place at room temperature, but reaction with 2inc requires warming. 

Chemically the Hquid NaK alloy, usually used as a dispersion and on an inert support, provides more reactive surface area than either potassium or sodium metal alone, thus enhancing the reducing reactivity and permitting reactions to proceed atlower (eg, —12°C) temperatures. NaK alloys are suitable for chemical reactions involving unstable intermediates such as carbanions and free radicals. 

Potassium dissolves in Hquid ammonia, but the conversion of a small amount of the metallic potassium to the metallic amide takes several days. By applying the same technique using sodium metal, sodium amide [7782-92-5] NaNH2, a white soHd, can be formed. 

Treatment of pyridine (1) with sodium metal in ethanol gives piperidine [1910-42-5] (18) however, dimeri2ation to 4,4 -bipyridine [553-26-4] (19) is favored in aprotic solvents (12). 

Cyanopyiidine (15) reacts with ketones not beating an a-hydiogen in the presence of sodium metal to afford a tertiary alcohol (a precursor of azacydonol) in high yield, eg, the reaction of (15) and benzophenone yields the tertiary benzyl alcohol [1620-30-0] (23) ... 

The reaction is displaced to the right by dissociation of sodium hydride and Hberation of hydrogen. This dissociation is favored under vacuum or when the reaction 2one is swept with an inert gas to remove the hydrogen (24,25). In this manner, sodium monoxide substantially free of sodium and sodium hydroxide is produced. In the more compHcated reaction between sodium metal and anhydrous potassium hydroxide, potassium metal and sodium hydroxide are produced in a reversible reaction (42,43) ... 

A process development known as NOXSO (DuPont) (165,166) uses sodium to purify power plant combustion flue gas for removal of nitrogen oxide, NO, and sulfur, SO compounds. This technology reHes on sodium metal generated in situ via thermal reduction of sodium compound-coated media contained within a flue-gas purification device, and subsequent flue-gas component reactions with sodium. The process also includes downstream separation and regeneration of spent media for recoating and circulation back to the gas purification device. A full-scale commercial demonstration project was under constmction in 1995. 

N. M. Levinson in Chemical Economics Handbook, Sodium Metal, 770.1000A-D, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., Oct. 1979. 

Reduction and Hydrodesulfurization. Reduction of thiophene to 2,3- and 2,5-dihydrothiophene and ultimately tetrahydrothiophene can be achieved by treatment with sodium metal—alcohol or ammonia. Hydrogen with Pd, Co, Mo, and Rh catalysts also reduces thiophene to tetrahydrothiophene [110-01-0] a malodorous material used as a gas odorant. 

In the sodium—sulfur storage battery above 300°C, the overall chemical reaction occurs between molten sodium metal and sulfur to form sodium polysulfide. The cell voltage is related to the activity of the sodium ( Aia) sulfide relative to its activity in the metal. 

Alkali Metal Catalysts. The polymerization of isoprene with sodium metal was reported in 1911 (49,50). In hydrocarbon solvent or bulk, the polymerization of isoprene with alkaU metals occurs heterogeneously, whereas in highly polar solvents the polymerization is homogeneous (51—53). Of the alkah metals, only lithium in bulk or hydrocarbon solvent gives over 90% cis-1,4 microstmcture. Sodium or potassium metals in / -heptane give no cis-1,4 microstmcture, and 48—58 mol % /ram-1,4, 35—42% 3,4, and 7—10% 1,2 microstmcture (46). Alkali metals in benzene or tetrahydrofuran with crown ethers form solutions that readily polymerize isoprene however, the 1,4 content of the polyisoprene is low (54). For example, the polyisoprene formed with sodium metal and dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (crown ether) in benzene at 10°C contains 32% 1,4-, 44% 3,4-, and 24% 1,2-isoprene units (54). 

Sodium methoxide was prepared just prior to use from 23.0 g (1.0 g-atom) of sodium metal and 400 mL of anhydrous methanol (distilled from magnesium turnings), then cooled to room temperature. 

Sodium (metal). Used as a fine wire or as chips, for more completely drying ethers, saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons which have been partially dried (for example with calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate). Unsuitable for acids, alcohols, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters. Reacts violently if water is present and can cause a fire with highly flammable liquids. 

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