Sodium chloride 0.9 percent

Step I. To determine the percent by weight of calcium or of sodium chloride in the internal phase, locate the intersection of the line drawn horizontally from the cm of strong silver nitrate required to titrate 1 cm of whole mud with the line projected vertically from the volume percent of fresh water by retort. 

Determination of soluble sodium chloride. By entering the graph in Figure 4-109 with the Ib/bbl of calcium chloride at the correct volume percent of water (by retort) line, the maximum amount of soluble sodium chloride can be found. If the sodium chloride content determined in Step 2 is greater than the maximum soluble sodium chloride determined from Figure 4-108, only the soluble portion should be used for calculating the total soluble salts. 

Energy substrates include dextrose solutions and fat emulsion. Solutions used to supply energy and fluid include dextrose (glucose) in water or sodium chloride, alcohol in dextrose, and IV fat emulsion. Dextrose is a carbohydrate used to provide a source of calories and fluid. Alcohol (as alcohol in dextrose) also provides calories. Dextrose is available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate) in a fluid, which may be water or sodium chloride (saline). Dextrose and dextrose in alcohol are available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate and percent of the alcohol) in water. Dextrose solutions also are available with electrolytes, for example, Plasma-Lyte 56 and 5% Dextrose. Calories provided by dextrose and dextrose and alcohol solutions are listed in Table 58-1. 

Viscosity of copolymer solutions decreases by, at most, 3 percent when electrolyte concentration changes from 0 to 0.342 M sodium chloride or 2.45 x 10 M calcium chloride. Viscosity of hydrolyzed polymer solutions decreases exponentially with increasing electrolyte concentration in water. 

Thus, the two samples of sodium chloride have the same composition. Recognize that, according to the interpretation of numbers based on significant figures, each percent has an uncertainty of 0.1%. 

A solution is prepared by dissolving 10.0 g of table salt (sodium chloride), and 15.0 g of cane sugar (sucrose) in 500.0 g of water. Calculate the mass percent of the table salt in the solution. 

Coal tar epoxy and plasticized chlorinated rubber laquer coated on mild steel were studied by Scantlebury et al (28). Impedance plots show a gradual decrease in the value of R t and the onset of Warburg-type behavior with increasing Immersion time in 3 weight percent sodium chloride solution. Appearance of an inductive loop when the coal-tar epoxy had a pin-hole was clearly demonstrated. 

AC Impedance system 368 (EG G PARC, Princeton, NJ) with Fast Fourier Transform analysis was used along with a potentlostat EG G model 273. The potentlostat was coupled to an Apple 11+ computer through an IEEE-488 Interface. A frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 10 Hz was used for many of the experiments. The electrolyte used was a 3 weight percent sodium chloride solution and was prepared using ACS certified chemicals and deionized water. 

Feed solution used in all experiments contained sodium chloride at a concentration level of 5,000 ppm. Membrane salt rejection is evaluated from conductance measurements of product water and expressed as percent rejection, %R, or desalination ratio, D. . These units are defined by the following equations in which Cp and Cf are sodium chloride concentrations in feed and product respectively. Note that D. is very sensitive to concentration changes and expands rapidly as 100% rejection is approached. 

This membrane demonstrated a vastly improved flux compared with the poly(piperazine isophthalamide) membrane, but its seawater salt rejection was low — in the range of 60 to 70 percent. A reverse osmosis test with a magnesium sulfate feedwater showed greater than 99 percent salt retention, however, dispelling the possibility that low sodium chloride rejections were due to defects in the polyamide barrier layer. The piperazine polyamide was soon concluded to have the following structure (see Reaction 111). 

In a related case, FT-30 membrane elements were placed on chlorinated seawater feed at OWRT s Wrightsville Beach Test Facility. Flux and salt rejection were stable for 2000 hours at 0.5 to 1.0 ppm chlorine exposure. Chlorine attack did become noticeable after 2000 hours, and salt rejection had dropped to 97 percent at 2500 hours while flux increased significantly. Long term laboratory trials at different chlorine levels led to the conclusion that the membrane will withstand 0.2 ppm chlorine in sodium chloride solutions at pH 7 for more than a year of continuous exposure. 

In most commercial processes, borax is obtained from lake brines, tincal and colemanite. The primary salt constituents of brine are sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and potassium chloride. The percent composition of borax as Na2B40 in brine is generally in the range 1.5 to 1.6%. Borax is separated from these salts by various physical and chemical processes. The brine solution (mixed with mother liquor) is subject to evaporation and crystahzation for the continuous removal of NaCl, Na2C03 and Na2S04, respectively. The hot liquor consists of concentrated solution of potassium salts and borate components of the brine. The insoluble solid particles are filtered out and the liquor is cooled rapidly in continuous vacuum crystallizers under controlled conditions of temperatures and concentrations to crystallize KCl. Cystallization of borax along with KCl from the concentrated liquor must not occur at this stage. KCl is separated from the hquor by filtration. Bicarbonate then is added to the liquor to prevent any formation of sodium... 

It is worthwhile to discuss why the mass-action law on concentration basis (moles/litre) is plausible. It is beyond doubt that it is not always valid. The concentration 5.5 M of saturated aqueous sodium chloride indicates the solubility product 30 moles2/litre2. If an equal amount of such a solution is added to 12 M hydrochloric acid, the concentration of Na+ is 2.75 M and of Cl- (12 + 5.5)/2 = 8.75 M. Their product 24.06 M2 is distinctly below the solubility product, but nevertheless, more than 80 percent of the NaCl present crystallizes out. It would be to short-circuit this paradox to speak about the mass-action law on activity basis. The introduction of activity a as the product a =/Cof the activity coefficient/and the concentration is a tautological trick to keep the mass-action law valid, and it is more fruitful to try to explain why/varies more dramatically in some cases than in others. 

Define mass percent. If 20.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl) are added to 180.0 g of H20, what is the mass percent of the solution ... 

A major chemical plant dissolved inorganic slurry solids in a series of three fiberglass vessels. Most employees considered this section of the plant as one of the nonhazardous areas of this chemical complex. This area handled a relatively cool sodium chloride (table salt) water stream that was saturated with insoluble salts such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate. The slurry contained about 30-percent calcium carbonate. Insoluble carbonates are treated with hydrochloric acid in two agitated vessels to allow a reaction to liberate carbon dioxide and form a soluble salt. The reaction is a simple one ... 

Spent decontamination solution (SDS) consists of caustic or bleach-based aqueous solutions that have been used in the decontamination of personal protective clothing or the operations areas. SDS may also result from rinsing drained TCs or munition cavities. These solutions are captured and stored for treatment and disposal, either on-site or off-site. SDS typically contains less than 1 percent levels of sodium chloride and organic decomposition products from agent hydrolysis. 

A shipment of sand has become contaminated with barium chloride, BaCl2, and sodium chloride, NaCl. As an analytical chemist, your job is to design a procedure to determine the percent by mass of each substance in the sand. 

How can you determine the percent by mass of barium chloride and the percent by mass of sodium chloride in the sand ... 

Suppose that a hospital patient requires an intravenous drip to replace lost body fluids. The intravenous fluid may be a saline solution that contains 0.9 g of sodium chloride dissolved in 100 mL of solution, or 0.9% (m/v). Notice that the number of grams of solute per 100 mL of solution is numerically equal to the mass/volume percent. Explore this idea further in the following problems. 

Deposits of salt exist throughout the world, but there are many countries where salt deposits are absent. Sodium chloride also makes up 2.68 percent of seawater.4 As a result, sea salt is harvested in many countries that have a flat coastline and good weather conditions suitable for harvesting salt, i.e., warm breezes and plentiful sunlight. Pure sodium chloride is white-to-colorless, crystalline, and contains 60.663 wt% Cl and 39.337 wt% Na. Once the salt has been processed, it can exist as discrete cubic crystals of varying sizes. Readily dissolvable in water, the aqueous solution has a pH of 7.0. 

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