Carbohydrates using

Dowex 4-X4 1.6 0.70 Weakly basic anion exchanger with tertiary amines on an acrylic matrix for the deionization of carbohydrates. Use at pH <7. 

Carry out a blank determination on the acetic anhydride/ethyl acetate solution following the above procedure without adding the carbohydrate. Use the difference between the blank titration, Vb, and the sample titration, Vs, to calculate the number of hydroxyl groups in the sugar (Note 2). 

Energy substrates include dextrose solutions and fat emulsion. Solutions used to supply energy and fluid include dextrose (glucose) in water or sodium chloride, alcohol in dextrose, and IV fat emulsion. Dextrose is a carbohydrate used to provide a source of calories and fluid. Alcohol (as alcohol in dextrose) also provides calories. Dextrose is available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate) in a fluid, which may be water or sodium chloride (saline). Dextrose and dextrose in alcohol are available in various strengths (or percent of the carbohydrate and percent of the alcohol) in water. Dextrose solutions also are available with electrolytes, for example, Plasma-Lyte 56 and 5% Dextrose. Calories provided by dextrose and dextrose and alcohol solutions are listed in Table 58-1. 

Entry 2 was reported as part of a study of the stereochemistry of addition of allyltrimethylsilane to protected carbohydrates. Use of BF3 as the Lewis acid, as shown, gave the product from an open TS, whereas TiCl4 led to the formation of the alternate stereoisomer through chelation control. Similar results were reported for a protected galactose. 

G. V. M. Sharma, K. C. V. Ramanaiah, and K. Krishnudu, Clay montmorillonite in carbohydrates use of claysil as an efficient heterogenous catalyst for the intramolecular Ferrier reactions leading to 1,6-anhydro rare saccharides, Tetrahedron Asymm., 5 (1994) 1905-1908. 

In some cases, the ability to modify glycans at the reducing end without reduction preserves the carbohydrate s native structure sufficiently to allow interactions with proteins that would otherwise not interact if the bond were reduced. Therefore, depending on the ultimate use of the biotinylated carbohydrate, using a hydrazide mediated conjugation process can have advantages over the use of amine-biotin compounds. 

Pozsgay, V., Vieira, N.E., and Yergey, A. (2002) A method for bioconjugation of carbohydrates using Diels-Alder cycloaddition. Org. Lett. 4, 3191-3194. 

As most enzymes function under compatible ambient conditions, bio-bio cascades had already been successfully developed by the 1970s. By far, most examples have been reported in the field of carbohydrates, using combinations of enzymatic conversions (up to eight enzymes in one-pot), as well as for the in situ cofactor regeneration of enzymatic redox reactions towards amino and hydroxy acids. 

The introduction of carbohydrates using chemoselective ligation led to the formation of a new class of glycoconjugates [66] in good yields in one-pot reac-... 

In a certain sense, we live by reversing the process of photosynthesis. Specifically, we bum carbohydrates using oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and water in a process known as respiration ... 

Fernandez-Mayoralas A (1997) Synthesis and Modification of Carbohydrates using Glycosi-dases and Lipases. 186 1 -20... 

Synthesis and Modification of Carbohydrates Using Glycosidases and Lipases... 

Mechanism of Action Assists in collagen formation and tissue repair and is involved in oxidation reduction reactions and other metabolicreactions.TAerapeMficEffect Involved in carbohydrate use and metabolism, as well as synthesis of carnitine, lipids, and proteins. Preserves blood vessel integrity. 

Steinberg, R, and Fox, A. (1999), Automated derivatization instrument Preparation of alditol acetates for analysis of bacterial carbohydrates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Anal. Chem.,11,1914-1917. 

K. S. Kim and W. A. Szarek, Methylenation of carbohydrates using phase-transfer catalysis. Synthesis 48 (1978). 

A. Hasegawa, M. Ogawa, H. Ishida, and M. Kiso, a-Predominant glycoside synthesis of Af-acetylneuraminic acid with the primary hydroxyl group in carbohydrates using dimethyl-(methylthio)sulfonium triflate as a glycosyl promoter, J. Carbohydr Chem. 9 393 (1990). 

In particular, catalytic aerobic oxidations of carbohydrates, using supported noble metals in the liquid phase, have been extensively studied by... 

Carbohydrates, like glucose, are not synthesized de novo by parasitic flatworms, and gluconeogenesis has never been demonstrated except from intermediates at the level of triose phosphates (Bryant and Behm, 1989). Simple carbohydrates are obtained from the host and are then used by the parasite to synthesize complex ones, for instance, production of the glycocalyx glycoproteins or the synthesis of glycogen, the storage carbohydrate used by all parasitic flatworms. 

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