Continuous saponification

Continuous Saponification Systems. A relatively recent innovation in the production of soap, these systems have led to improved manufacturing efficiency and considerably shorter processing times. There are a number of commercial systems available even though these systems are different in design aspects or specific operations, they all saponify fats and oils to finished soap using the same general process (Fig. 3). 

Fig. 3. Process stream diagram for a continuous saponification soap manufacturing facility. To convert kPa to psi, multiply by 0.145.

A continuous saponification process developed in Leuna is shown in Fig. 9. The saponification reaction... 

The Reeopet process for the ehemical recycling of PETP is described. The three-stage process, which allows the recovery of highly pure terephthalic acid, commences with continuous saponification followed by chromatographic purification with activated carbon and a final acidification step. 

Continuous reforming operations, 25 166 Continuous salt mining, 22 806 Continuous saponification, 22 737—738, 741 in vinyl alcohol polymerization, 25 609-610... 

Electrolyte dissolved fuel alkaline fuel cells, 12 216 Electrolytes AFC, 12 215 aqueous, 9 591-593 batteries, 3 415-418 in continuous saponification, 22 738 defined, 3 409... 

The basic process is that of reacting fat stocks with alkali to form soap (direct saponification) and glycerin, followed by washing to remove the glycerin. Two methods of direct saponification are in common use kettle method and continuous saponification). An alternative method is splitting fat stocks with water (hydrolysis) to form fatty acids and glycerine, followed by neutralization of the fatty acids with alkali,... 

Continuous Saponification. Fat stocks, plus caustic and salt solutions, are fed continuously into an autoclave operating under pressure at typically about 250°F (120°C). A recycle stream provides sufficient soap concentration to solubilize the fat stream for good contacting with the caustic. The soap-lye-glycerin mix moves to a mixer/cooler to complete saponification. The cooler temperature reduces the solubility of soap in the lye and aids separation. See also Saponification. 

There are many applications where the organic compounds are extracted from natural materials. Extraction is used for preparation of pure flavor essences from expressed oils of various citrus fruit. Pyrethrum is recovered from pyrethrum flowers by solvent extraction. A continuous saponification, glycol extraction, and splitting process for converting fat into finished soap base has been used in soap production. 

Spent soap lyes, as they are drawn from the continuous saponification area or soap kettles, consist primarily of glycerine, sodium chloride, and water as well as small quantities of sodium hydroxide, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, soap, and fatty acids, and also some albuminous and oleaginous matter. To remove these impurities, the soap lye is generally treated in batches. 

Exercise 7.7.5. A continuous saponification process is carried out in two stirred tanks in series. The reaction is second order. The ester and alkali are added to the system in solutions of the same constant molar concentration and the total volume of the system remains constant. Find the ratio of the volume of the second tank to that of the first so as to give the optimum unit output of soap, when the overall degree of conversion tends to 100%. 

Eluids proccsssing Petroleum distillation continuous saponification of fats Method 6 (Estimate Type X)... 

Continuous Saponification. There are several types of continuous systems, each with their own benefits and drawbacks. The basic premise is that continuous mixing is not required after the poly(vinyl acetate) and the caustic is mixed (220). Several designs for the high intensity mixing imit have been suggested in order to obtain efficient mixing and little fouling (221,222). 

Exposure to acids or alkalis will usually be identified from a clear history of the event. Toxidromes will present with a short latency and indicate that the patient requires immediate decontamination and treatment. As noted in Chap. 6, acids and alkalis produce different forms of chemical bums. Acid bums form a coagulum and there is evidence of coagulative necrosis. Bases cause continuing saponification of tissues and produce a characteristic soapy presentation. 

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