Soaps Liquoring

In soap-making some use is made of the molybdenum-bearing type for dealing with glycerine recovery from soap liquors containing sodium chloride. 

The fibre must be degummed before bleaching, and the addition of a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to the soap liquor assists in removal of the gum and brings about a slight preliminary improvement in colour. The silk is bleached in a 0-6 per cent w/w solution made as follows ... 

Lather volume depends upon the amount and the type of soap dissolved in the soap liquor during lathering. The mobility of the soap molecules, in addition to their surface properties, contributes to foaming. It is therefore possible that the soaps with very short chains (sodium caprylate and sodium caprate) may have an additional lather benefit. However, the proposed benefit should be restricted to low wash temperatures. The source of the short chain soaps is the coconut or palm kernel oil component of the fat charge. The amount of soap in solution in the wash liquor increases as the level of soluble soap in the bar increases. However, because the lather depends on the very short transient hydration period, it is the amount of soap which goes into solution over this period that is important. This amount also increases as the rates of dissolution of the solid soluble phases of the bar structure increase. 

While an increase in the electrolyte concentration in a soap liquor will always cause some reduction in lather it is believed that the gross reduction in lather often observed in high-electrolyte bars stems more from the influence of electrolyte on the types of solid soap phase content of the bar structure than from any subsequent influence which electrolyte may have on soap liquor properties. 

Soap Liquor 20 9 Luflexen Basell Specimen 50X25X1 mm... 

Soap Liquor 20 9 Resistant tensile strength at yield and elongation at break unchanged Test specimen IB according to ISO 527-2 Lupolen Basell Specimen 50X25X1 mm... 

Soap Liquor (cont) soln. 10 80 2 Unstable weight change over 5% marked decline in mechanical properties >5 Vestodur 3001... 

Black Liquor Soap Recovery. Black Hquor soap consists of the sodium salts of the resin and fatty acids with small amounts of unsaponifiables. The soap is most easily separated from the black Hquor by skimming at an intermediate stage, when the black Hquor is evaporated to 25% soHds (7). At this soHds level, the soap rises in the skimmer at a rate of 0.76 m/h. At higher soHds concentrations, the tall oil soap is less soluble, but higher viscosity lowers the soap rise rate and increases the necessary residence times in the soap skimmer beyond 3—4 hours. The time required for soap recovery can be reduced by installing baffles, by the use of chemical flocculants (8,9), and by air injection into the suction side of the soap skimmer feed pump. Soap density is controUed by the rate of air injection. Optimum results (70% skimmer efficiency) are obtained at a soap density of 0.84 kg/L (7 lb/gal). This soap has a minimum residual black Hquor content of 15% (10—12). 

Black Liquor Soap Acidulation. Only two-thirds of a typical black Hquor soap consists of the sodium salts of fatty acids and resin acids (rosin). These acids are layered in a Hquid crystal fashion. In between these layers is black Hquor at the concentration of the soap skimmer, with various impurities, such as sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, sodium Hgnate, and calcium salts. This makes up the remaining one-third of the soap. Cmde tall oil is generated by acidifying the black Hquor soap with 30% sulfuric acid to a pH of 3. This is usually done in a vessel at 95°C with 20—30 minutes of vigorous agitation. Caution should be taken to scmb the hydrogen sulfide from the exhaust gas. 

Tyj)e of dryer Applicable with dry-product recirculation True and colloidal solutions emulsions. Examples inorganic salt solutions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. Pumpable suspensions. Examples pigment slurries, soap and detergents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. does not dust. Recirculation of product may prevent sticking Examples filter-press cakes, sedimentation sludges, centrifuged sobds, starch, etc. 

Tall oil rosin is obtained from crude tall oil obtained from the Kraft (sulphate) pulping of various coniferous trees in the paper manufacturing industry. During the Kraft pulping process the fatty acids and the resin acids from the coniferous wood are saponified by the alkaline medium. On concentration of the resulting pulping liquor, the sodium soap of these mixed acids rises to the surface from where they are skimmed out. By acidification of this material with sulphuric acid, the crude tall oil is obtained. Fractional steam distillation of the crude tall oil allows the separation of the tall oil fatty acids and the tall oil rosins [21]. 

Abrichtelauge. /. (Soap) weak caustic liquor, abrichten, v.t. fit, adjust, true train. 

Process contaminants such as black liquor or saponified organic oils (soaps). 

However, the ability to act as a builder encompasses much more than so far been mentioned. Builders influence the coagulation of solid soil, often form a buffer system, and promote the soil suspending activity of washing liquors. They are further able to reduce the catalytic effect of ferric and manganic ions. Thus they support the stabilization of peroxides in detergents. Similarly, rancidness caused by catalytic processes of soap and fragrances can be avoided. 

The contactor finds extensive use where high performance phase separation and countercurrent extraction or washing in the one unit are required. Particularly important applications are the removal of acid sludges from hydrocarbons, shown in Figure 13.40, hydrogen peroxide extraction, sulphonate soap and antibiotics extraction, the extraction of rare earths such as uranium and vanadium from leach liquors, and the washing of refined edible oils. 

Moderate Soap handling Talloil soap was being fired separately from black liquor when weak black liquor beneath soap entered pump suction... 

A number of studies have evaluated the toxicity of pulping hquors, in particular the black liquors generated from Kraft mills. Table 8 shows a partial representation of toxicity data compiled by the NCASI (National Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement) and McKee and Wolf for Kraft mill pulping wastewaters [15,16]. The table indicates that hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, crude sulfate soap, and salts of fatty and resin acids are particularly... 

Two other important side products of the kraft process are sulfate turpentine and tall oil. The turpentine is obtained from the gases formed in the digestion process. From 2-10 gal of turpentine can be obtained per ton of pulp. Tall oil soap is a black viscous liquid of rosin and fatty acids that can be separated from the black liquor by centrifuging. Acidification gives tall oil. These side products will be discussed later. 

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