Inorganic salts solutions

When it was recognized (31) that the SD model does not explain the negative solute rejections found for some organics, the extended solution—diffusion model was formulated. The SD model does not take into account possible pressure dependence of the solute chemical potential which, although negligible for inorganic salt solutions, can be important for organic solutes (28,29). 

Tyj)e of dryer Applicable with dry-product recirculation True and colloidal solutions emulsions. Examples inorganic salt solutions, extracts, milk, blood, waste liquors, rubber latex, etc. Pumpable suspensions. Examples pigment slurries, soap and detergents, calcium carbonate, bentonite, clay sbp, lead concentrates, etc. does not dust. Recirculation of product may prevent sticking Examples filter-press cakes, sedimentation sludges, centrifuged sobds, starch, etc. 

Generally, plastics have excellent resistance to weak mineral acids and are unaffected by inorganic salt solutions—areas where metals are not entirely suitable. Since plastics do not corrode in the electrochemical sense, they offer another advantage over metals most metals are affected by slight changes in pH, or minor impurities, or oxygen content, while plastics will remain resistant to these same changes. 

As may be expected of an amorphous polymer in the middle range of the solubility parameter table, poly(methyl methacrylate) is soluble in a number of solvents with similar solubility parameters. Some examples were given in the previous section. The polymer is attacked by mineral acids but is resistant to alkalis, water and most aqueous inorganic salt solutions. A number of organic materials although not solvents may cause crazing and cracking, e.g. aliphatic alcohols. 

Table 3.54 Corrosion of Type 1 Ni-Resist and cast iron in various inorganic salt solutions ...

Most simple inorganic salt solutions cause virtually no attack on aluminium-base alloys, unless they possess the qualities required for pitting corrosion, which have been considered previously, or hydrolyse in solution to give acid or alkaline reactions, as do, for example, aluminium, ferric and zinc chlorides. With salts of heavy metals —notably copper, silver, and gold —the heavy metal deposits on to the aluminium, where it subsequently causes serious bimetallic corrosion. 

Table 5.5 Corrosion in inorganic salt solutions" (duration of test 6 days)...

Inorganic salt solutions Molybdenum has excellent resistance to 3% sodium chloride, 10% aluminium chloride and 10% ammonium chloride at temperatures up to 100°C. It is severely corroded by 20% solutions of ferric and cupric chlorides at 35°C and is subject to pinhole-type pitting in mercuric chloride solutions (Table 5.5). 

Inorganic salt solutions Unknown Unknown Unknown S... 

A wide range of rubbers are available for successful use as materials of construction and are applied in areas such as handling inorganic salt solutions where metals are unsuitable. The use of rubber linings is widespread in equipment such as tanks, pipes, and drums and most other critical chemical equipment. However, their use is limited to moderate temperatures, and they are generally suitable for use in abrasive duties. Some of the more commonly used plastics are PVC, PTFE and polypropylene. 

Typical examples of the molality dependence of the swelling curves are shown in Fig. 25 where the swelling curves of NIP A gels immersed in four simple aqueous inorganic salt solutions are demonstrated for various molalities. In each case, with increasing salt molality, the transition temperature shifts to the lower... 

The ability of inorganic salt solutions to swell and even dissolve cellulose is usually related to the lyotropic series for the solvated ions but the mechanism is complicated. 

Perhaps the most extensive area of research in simple pretreatment systems to enhance the weathering properties of wood has involved application of inorganic salt solutions. Much of the early work in this field was undertaken at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin and was aimed at improving the performance of transparent finishes. Black [25] described an experimental chromate-based wood finish and Black and Mraz [26] discovered that both acid and ammoniacal-copper chromate treatments significantly improved the performance of clear finishes on western red cedar, redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), and Douglas fir plywood. Later research [27] demon-... 

In Figure 1 a conparison is made between the volume fraction of inorganic salt in the water solution and the surface tension divided by the Beerbower correction factor, divided by the cube root of the molar volume. Using this data, in addition to the data found in Table I, we are able to make reasonable approximations for the Cohesive Energy Density parameters associated with various concentrations of inorganic salt solutions. 

Emulsifying agent compatible with mineral acids or inorganic salt solutions. 

Li, C. and Somasundaran, P, Reversal of bubble charge in multivalent inorganic salt solutions—effect of magnesium.,/. Colloid Interf. Sci., 146, 215, 1991. 

Water-sorption isotherms were obtained at 30°C by keeping the samples in desiccators under the controlled relative humidity (RH) prepared with saturated inorganic salt solutions. The weight increase of the samples was measured after 3 weeks. 

Strong acids, such as 96% sulfuric acid, attack the polymer rather severely weaker acids and a variety of inorganic bases are not detrimental. The polymer is inert to a wide variety of inorganic salt solutions, with some samples of coated metals having been exposed in salt water in the Gulf of Mexico for one year without deterioration. In fact, even the uncured polymer is remarkably resistant to a broad group of chemicals. 

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