Soap content

The emulsion was then allowed to separate and it was found on analysis of the soap content of the aqueous lower layer and the concentrated emulsion in the upper layer that the emulsion had abstracted soap from the solution. Owing to the fact that the fatty acids are soluble in the oil the hydrolysis of the soaps and the subsequent removal of the fatty acid in the oil phase had to be eliminated by the addition of caustic soda. In this way the true quantity of soap at the oil-water interface could be determined. Some of the results, obtained are tabulated below. 

Dampproofing admixtures are water-repelling materials such as wax emulsions, soaps and fatty acids which react with cement hydrates [84, 85]. The most widely used water-repelling materials are the calcium or ammonium salts of fatty acids such as stearates. Proprietary products are available both as dry powders and liquids. Usually, a stearate soap is blended with talc or fine silica sand and used at the prescribed dosage per weight or bag of cement. In commercial liquid preparations, the fatty-acid salt (soap) content is usually 20% or less, the balance of the solid material is made up of lime or CaCl2. Some proprietary admixtures combine two or more admixtures, e. 

Formation of flocculated polymer is most pronounced at low soap concentration and vanishes with a higher soap content. 

The restaurant owner or manager must review the test data from the company that manufactures the treatment chemicals and make sure that the soap content in the oil after treatment is not higher than before the treatment. The treatment temperature for oil is also critical, especially if the material contains citric acid. Citric acid is a metal chelator and is expected to remove the excess metal ions that are chemically transferred into the fryer oil during frying. Citric acid breaks down if the oil temperature is above 284°F (140°C). Fryer oil, transferred to the filter sump, can be very hot (300°F/149°C). This can break down citric acid at this high temperature and make it ineffective. 

How to Use You can use household soaps such as Ivory Snow, Ivory Liquid, or Shaklee s Basic H to make your own insecticidal soap solution. Since manufacturers often make small changes in their soaps contents, the effectiveness of homemade solutions may vary more than that of commercial insecticidal soaps. 

An oil s natural soap amount cannot be determined just by nonaqueous phase titration. Oils with high acid number by nonaqueous phase titration usually have high soap content however, this is not always true (Liu, 2007). Because those acids that cannot generate soap will not be detected by the potentiometric titration, the acid numbers obtained by the soap extraction are less than the acid numbers determined by nonaqueous phase titration, as expected. There is no general ratio between those two acid numbers. Figure 10.10 compares the acid numbers measured from the two methods. The data in this figure show that the acid number from the soap extraction was about one half of the value from the nonaqueous phase titration. 

In addition to the USDA standards, The Named Vegetable Oil Standard from the Codex Alimentarius Committee on Fats and Oils (Codex Alimentarius, 2006) identifies quality characteristics that oils must meet for international trade. For example, the standard states that an oil should be characteristic of the designated product and be free of foreign and rancid odor and taste. Maximum levels of matter volatile at 105°C (ISO 662 1998) (ISO, 2005) should be 0.2% m/m, insoluble purities (ISO 663 1998) (ISO, 2005) 0.05% m/m, and 0.005% m/m soap content [AOCS Cel7-95 (97)] (AOCS, 2005). Limits for metals are 1.5 mg/kg iron (Fe) in refined oils, whereas only 0.1 mg/kg of copper (Cu) is allowed in refined oils. For methods to measure Fe and Cu, use ISO 8294 1994 (ISO, 2005) or AOCS Ca 18b-91 (97) (AOCS, 2005). Limits for oil deterioration include peroxide value and acid value. Codex allows up to 10 meq/kg oil for refined oils. Acid value limits range from a low of 0.6 mg/KOH/g oil for refined oils. 

SBR may also be produced by anionic solution polymerization of styrene and butadiene with alky-llithium initiator (e.g., butyllithium) in a hydrocarbon solvent, usually hexane or cyclohexane. In contrast to emulsion SBR, which may have an emulsifier (soap) content of up to 5% and nonrubber materials sometimes in excess of 10%, solution SBR seldom has more than 2% nonrubber materials in its finished form. Solution SBR has a narrower molecular weight distribution, higher molecular weight, and higher cis-1,4-polybutadiene content than emulsion polymerization SBR. 

Determination of soap content According to the FAO/WFlO Codex Alimentarius Method (FAO/WHO Methods of Analysis for Edible Fats and Oils, CAC/RM 13-1969, Determination of Soap Content). Results are expressed as percentage of mass per mass sodium oleate. 

We use the word soap-rich only in a relative sense, for the absolute soap content of the soap-rich layer is always small. This follows directly from the phase diagram (Fig. 21). One can without difficulty make an oleate coacervate which contains only of soap. This fact is very important for one s ideas on soap coacervates. 

Naphthenic soap Naphthenic soap, hydrocarbon With certain content of NaCl and Na2S04 Naphthenic soap content >43 % Unsaponifiable matter content <13 % Acid value <20 Products of oil industry or products of kerosene, gasoline when purified by alkali 20 % aqueous solution... 

PQ Corporation of Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (Seybold, 1992) reported test results using their silica adsorbent, Britesorb-RlOO. In their test, french-fried potatoes were made in a restaurant type fryer. The product was fried for 8h per day. Fresh oil was added to the fryer after so many batches of product. The oil was treated with 0.7% Britesorb R-lOO, mixed for 5-10 min, filtered, and stored overnight to be used the next day. Oil breakdown products, such as polar compounds, polymers and free fatty acids were measured. In addition, oil color and soap content in the oil were also monitored. Most significant differences between Britesorb R-lOO and the other adsorbents were noticed in the soap and polar materials. Results from these tests are listed in Tables 11.3 and 11.4. The results indicate that Britesorb R-lOO is a superior adsorbent compared to other commercially available magnesium and aluminum silicate adsorbents. 

TREATMENT, OXIDATION AND HEALTH ASPECTS Table 11.3 Soap content of the fryer oil... 

Anhydrous Soap Content a soap sample dissolved in a mixed solvent of ethanol and water is treated with mineral acids. The liberated fatty acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form soap. The resulting soap is dried and weighed to establish the anhydrous soap content of the original sample. 

Total Fatty Acid and Real Soap Content fatty acids are librated from a sample with mineral acid and are subsequently recovered by a series of petroleum ether extractions, dried and weighed. The total fatty acid content is the weight fraction of the fatty acids in the sample. The real soap content can be derived by multiplying the percent total fatty acid by gravimetric factor for the type of soap. 

Features Low foaming exc. hard water stability low soap content easily waste-... 

Uses Lubricant, corrosion Inhibitor, emulsifier for metalworking fluids Features Low foaming hard water stability low soap content easily waste-treatable diethanolamine-free Properties Sol. in oil disp. in water Actramide 410 [Georgia-Pacifle/Pine Chems.]... 

Features Mod. foaming med. soap content diethanolamine-free easily waste-treatable... 

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