Smoking and oxidants

Interest in production of contaminants in flames ranges from concern about pollutant emissions, such as smoke and oxides of nitrogen, to the desire to know ion... 

Halliwell, B.H. and H.E. Poulsen Oxidative stress, in Cigarette Smoke and Oxidative Stress, edited by B.H. Halliwell and H.E. Poulsen, Springer, Berlin (2006). Halliwell, B. and M. Whiteman Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture How should you do it and what do the results mean Brit. J. Pharmacol. 142 (2004) 231-255. 

The density of heavy fuels is greater than 0.920 kg/1 at 15°C. The marine diesel consumers focus close attention on the fuel density because of having to centrifuge water out of the fuel. Beyond 0.991 kg/1, the density difference between the two phases —aqueous and hydrocarbon— becomes too small for correct operation of conventional centrifuges technical improvements are possible but costly. In extreme cases of fuels being too heavy, it is possible to rely on water-fuel emulsions, which can have some advantages of better atomization in the injection nozzle and a reduction of pollutant emissions such as smoke and nitrogen oxides. 

Adipic acid is an irritant to the mucous membranes. In case of contact with the eyes, they should be flushed with water. It emits acrid smoke and fumes on heating to decomposition. It can react with oxidizing materials, and the dust can explode ia admixture with air (see Table 3). Fires may be extinguished with water, CO2, foam, or dry chemicals. 

Flame and Smoke Retardants. Molybdenum compounds are used extensively as flame retardants (qv) (93,94) in the formulation of halogenated polymers such as PVC, polyolefins, and other plastics elastomers and fabrics. An incentive for the use of molybdenum oxide and other molybdenum smoke and flame retardants is the elimination of the use of arsenic trioxide. Although hydrated inorganics are often used as flame retardants, and thought to work by releasing water of crystallization, anhydrous molybdenum oxides are effective. Presumably the molybdenum oxides rapidly form... 

The cadmium chalcogenide semiconductors (qv) have found numerous appHcations ranging from rectifiers to photoconductive detectors in smoke alarms. Many Cd compounds, eg, sulfide, tungstate, selenide, teUuride, and oxide, are used as phosphors in luminescent screens and scintiUation counters. Glass colored with cadmium sulfoselenides is used as a color filter in spectroscopy and has recently attracted attention as a third-order, nonlinear optical switching material (see Nonlinear optical materials). DiaLkylcadmium compounds are polymerization catalysts for production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mixed with TiCl, they catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

Products of Combustion Heat, hght, smoke, and asphyxiating and toxic gases are produced by fire. In a hot, well-ventilated fire, combustion is usually nearly complete. Nearly all the carbon is converted to carbon dioxide, all the hydrogen to steam, and oxides of various other elements such as sulfur and nitrogen are produced. 

Emissions from foundry cupolas are relatively small but stiU significant, in some areas. An uncontrolled 2-m cupola can be expected to emit up to 50 kg of dust, fumes, smoke, and oil vapor per hour. Carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, and organic gases may also be expected. Control is... 

Smog A mixture of smoke and tog, that arises from nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons and the photochemical action of sunlight. 

Carboline derivatives in various oxidation states have been isolated from a number of natural sources as artifacts. )3-Carboline has been obtained from charred insects, j8-carboline and l-methyl-)3-carboline have been found in cigarette smoke,and the formation of tetrahydro-j8-carboline derivatives has been shown to be responsible for the destruction of tryptophan in acid hydrolyzates of proteins. The golden-yeUow fluorescence observed when enterochromaffin cells are flxed in formaldehyde has been related to their content of... 

For many decades, the standard technique for measuring carotenoids has been high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). This time consuming and expensive chemical method works well for the measurement of carotenoids in serum, but it is difficult to perform in human tissue since it requires biopsies of relatively large tissue volumes. Additionally, serum antioxidant measurements are more indicative of short-term dietary intakes of antioxidants rather than steady-state accumulations in body tissues exposed to external oxidative stress factors such as smoking and UV-light exposure. 

Addition of acetone, ammonia, aniline or diphenylamine to the oxidant causes, after a few seconds delay, a rapid reaction accompanied by smoke and flame. 

Inhalation (IH) The administration of volatile gases and vapours, followed by drug absorption in the lungs or nasal mucosa. Examples include general anaesthetics like nitrous oxide, nicotine from the tar droplets in tobacco smoke, cannabinoids from cannabis leaf smoke and various opiates from burning opium resin. 

Furthermore, Hirschler (32) has investigated the smoke-reducing ability of a number of metal hydroxides and oxides, at incorporation levels of up to 40 phr in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer. At the lowest additive level studied (10 phr), SnO gave a higher degree of smoke suppressancy (viz. 58%), than any of the other compounds, and loadings of at least 30 phr were found to be necessary to achieve comparable performance with either A1(0H) or Mg(0H). 3... 

The disturbance of balance between superoxide and nitric oxide occurs in a variety of common disease states. For example, altered endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation due to a decrease in NO formation has been shown in animal models of hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and heart failure [21]. Miller et al. [22] suggested that a chronic animal model atherosclerosis closely resembles the severity of atherosclerosis in patients. On the whole, the results obtained in humans, for example, in hypertensive patients [23] correspond well to animal experiments. It is important that endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients may be improved by ascorbic acid probably through the reaction with superoxide. 

Smoke is a by-product of most fires caused by the incomplete oxidation of the fuel supply during the chemical process of combustion. It accounts for a large majority of fatalities of from fire incidents at both onshore and offshore petroleum facilities. In the Piper Alpha incident of 1988, probably the worst petroleum industry offshore life loss incident, the majority of deaths were not from bums, drowning or explosion impacts but from smoke and gas inhalation. The report on the incident concluded that, of the bodies recovered from the incident, 83% were as a result of inhalation of smoke and gas. Most of these victims were assembled in the accommodation awaiting evacuation directions or as they may have thought - a possible rescue. 

Pyrotechnics are often used in the production of fireworks and primers. A pyrotechnic contains both a fuel and an oxidizer formulated to produce a lot of energy. The energy is then used to produce a flame or glow (matchstick) or combined with other volatile substances to produce smoke and light (fireworks) or large quantities of gas (firework rockets). 

In general, biotransformation reactions are beneficial in that they facilitate the elimination of xenobiotics from pulmonary tissues. Sometimes, however, the enzymes convert a harmless substance into a reactive form. For example, CYP-mediated oxidation often results in the generation of more reactive intermediates. Thus, many compounds that elicit toxic injury to the lung are not intrinsically pneumotoxic but cause damage to target cells following metabolic activation. A classic example of this is the activation of benzo(a)pyrene, which is a constituent of tobacco smoke and combustion products, and is... 

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