In vitro techniques

Performance. Consumer acceptance is a criterion on which cosmetic marketers caimot compromise. Whereas the likes and dislikes of consumers are in a state of constant flux, some product features are critical. A deodorant that does not deodorize or a hair coloring that fades in sunlight is unacceptable. Performance is tested by in vitro techniques during formulation, but the ultimate test of a product s performance requires in-use experience with consumers and critical assessment by trained observers. Performance tests can sometimes be combined with in-use safety tests, and protocols for such programs have been developed. 

In any case, BAT is the in vitro technique with the best sensitivity and specificity values without exposing the patient to any kind of risk. The use of natural purified and/or recombinant allergens allows the pattern of sensitization of different groups of patients to be established and the diagnostic yield of both techniques to be increased [39]. 

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vivo and in vitro techniques for assessment of skin and eye irritation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

Makkar HPS, Blummel M, Becker K. Formation of complexes between polyvinyl pyr-rolidones or polyethylene glycols and tannins, and their implication in gas production and tme digestibility in in vitro techniques. British Journal of Nutrition.1995 73 ... 

Encouraged by recent legislations all over the world aimed to protect human health and environment, alternative methods have proved their abilities to assess the toxicity of chemicals. Hence, a possible solution to the characterization of the toxicological and ecotoxicological risk of the chemicals could be represented by the application of in silico and in vitro techniques. 

M. J., Biopartitioning micellar chromatography an in vitro technique for predicting human drug absorption, J. Chromatogr. B 2001, 753, 225-236. 

Parry JM, Danford N, Parry EM. 1984. In vitro techniques for the detection of chemicals capable of inducing mitotic chromosome aneuploidy. Altern Lab Anim 11 117-128. 

Most of the information on the metabolism of hexachloroethane has been collected by in vitro techniques using rat liver slices or rat liver microsomes. Figure 2-3 summarizes the results of these studies. The identification of tetrachloroethene and pentachloroethane as the initial metabolites of hexachloroethane metabolism in vitro agrees with in vivo data from sheep that were orally exposed to doses of 500-1,000 mg/kg hexachloroethane (Fowler 1969b). 

THE APPLICATION OF IN VITRO TECHNIQUES IN DRUG SAFETY ASSESSMENT... 

The decade of the 1980s was marked by prominent interest and activity in the applications of in vitro techniques in toxicology, both in the academic and industrial sectors. This activity was manifested by the appearance of a number of journals... 

The future of in vitro techniques in toxicological assessment takes us back to our introductory discussion of the philosophical and scientific considerations operating in the evolution of alternative methods. 

FIGURE 17.5. The use of in vitro techniques in performing interspecies comparisons. 1, correlation of in vitro with in vivo observations 2, development of parallel in vitro systems in man 3, comparison of in vivo sensitivity of different species 4, potential toxicity in vivo 5, comparison of in vivo sensitivity of different species. 

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