Situational awareness, loss

As a child, John may have exhibited certain behaviors in situations of loss. When he did, his parents informed him that these behaviors means that he was tired, not sad. In other words, past experience may be capable of shaping people s self-awareness about an emotion, even to the extent of producing an awareness that is idiosyncratic in relation to the actual emotional state. 

Human-centered automation initiative is a good example of the technologies that attempt to avoid deskilling of human operators (Bilhngs 1996). Loss of situation awareness, which could have been... 

No discussion of aew error is complete without considering the hazard Loss of Situational Awareness , which studies have shown to be a leading causal factor in a review of 175 military aviation nfishaps (Hartel et al., 1991) and a major causal factor in 88% of accidents associated with human error in a review of major aircraft accidents between 1989 and 1992 (Endsley, 2001). 

For the Operator If we look at the Functional Hazard Analysis (Chapter 3), the Hazard Log entry might be Loss of Situational Awareness , of which the Altitude Display System is but one contributory cause. 

Another landing accident resulted from the pilot ineorrectly responding to a situation where the engine power apparently fluctuated during a run and he closed the throttle and carried out a precautionary landing in which the aircraft tipped over. One of the preconditions for this event seems to have been a loss of situational awareness on behalf of the pilot who committed to the eomse of action seemingly without consideration of alternatives. 

The attractiveness of systems and engineering approaches in reducing safety incidents has unfortunately not eUminated individual behaviour as the most frequently reported cause. An analysis by Endsley (1999), that most human error incidents resulted from a loss of situational awareness (SA) rather than judgement or skill based decisions, emphasized the importance of attention recovery mechanisms for safety critical roles. Marty papers have been published dealing with attention recovery and fatigue countermeasures to date, however, none have been found that include a mechanism to enable instantaneous and cued recovery at the moment of demand. This chapter formalizes a practice based approach to recovery of SA delivered in over 20 years of counselling and coaching performance with a diversity of clients. 

An objective of the risk guidance tool is to develop a situational awareness of the potential for a loss-producing event. For a visual representation of the risk assessment, the risk guidance tool uses a color code. An example of the use of color is found in The US Navy s Operational Risk Management (ORM) Fundamentals ... 

All three accidents involved aircraft with digital (computerized) cockpits, where the pilots received all their information and alarms about the state of the aircraft from computer displays. All three aircraft suffered blocked Pitot tubes which led to erroneous airspeed indications. In each case the pilots lost situation awareness for a critical short period of time, and aircraft that were otherwise in perfect flying condition crashed with the loss of all passengers and crew. 

The three accidents described above have some aspects in common. The fault sequences of all three were initiated by Pitot tube blockage and loss of indicated airspeed. More importantly, however, there were fundamental flaws in the design of the HMIs, which prevented the pilots from making appropriate responses. In all three cases, the pilots lost situation awareness. 

Out-of-the-loop performance problem—The out-of-the-loop performance problem typically occurs within automated systems when human operators are removed from the control loop and placed in the job of system monitor (Endsley, 1995). Because human operators are generally ill suited to the role of monitoring complex systems, out-of-the-loop performance has been found to lead to problems such as vigilance deaements, complacency, loss of operator situation awareness, poor feedback under automated conditions, and manual skill decay (Endsley and Kaber, 1999). The various consequences associated with operators performing out of the loop have been found to cause inadequate system monitoring and problems in humans assuming control when necessary. 

Inadequate Supervision Failure to provide proper training Failure to provide professional guidance or oversight Failure to provide current publications, adequate technical data, or procedures Failure to provide adequate rest period Lack of accountability Perceived lack of authority Failure to track qualifications Failure to track performance Failure to provide operational doctrine Overtasked or untrained supervisor Loss of supervisory situational awareness... 

There is, however, a practical problem, namely that a terminology is not readily available. When we want to describe various types of individual and organisational failures, errors and malfunctions, a rich vocabulary is at our disposal. Starting from simple categories such as errors of omission and commission, we not only have multiple theories (violations, non-compliance, loss of situation awareness, cognitive errors, error-forcing conditions, etc.) but also a rich flora of terms within each theory. But when we want to describe what people actually do, there is little to start from. 

A situation where situation awareness is degraded below a threshold value and the subsequent course of events ultimately will result in loss of control. Then proper situation awareness is regained and the operation is brought under control. 

Lapses - loss of situational awareness Forgetting car is in high gear when starting in intersection no recollection of road iust traveled... 

Unintended violations - loss of situational awareness Unintended speeding, forgetting to renew license... 

The deployment of multiple mobile robots for USAR using this organizational structure for the robot collective is the proposed solution in this research. As described earlier, the design for autonomous coordination using the hierarchical structure for the robot collective has been derived from the desire to make efficient use of robot onboard computational power and communication bandwidth while attempting to alleviate human supervisor cognitive workload levels and loss in situation awareness. The schematic ofthe SHMRS equipped with a hierarchically structured robot collective is illustrated in Figure 1. 

Is flight management system (FMS) failure or navigation display error a hazard No, the real hazard is loss of situational awareness . 

The operator s safety case would have identified the hazard loss of situational awareness , and one of the contributing causes will be loss of primary flight data . 

Finally, one of the most difficult types of crises to address is the death of a client. People with drug problems often lead very risky lives, and the threat of death may be ever present with such clients. People who use drugs are at risk from infectious diseases such as hepatitis and AIDS, from suicide and homicide, and from accidents. The saddest events in my professional career have been associated with losing a client. Such losses burden professionals, who may assume some level of responsibility for the death or may feel a sense of loss in not being able to meet with the client any more. Be aware that caregivers sometimes need care themselves, and this is one particular situation in which that may be true. Do not be shy about seeking help if you feel that the death of a client has adversely affected your professional or personal life. 

Another reason why calculations of the adiabatic reactor is important is for safety. Suppose we have a reactor operating in a stable fashion with cooling. What happens if the cooling is suddenly stopped The limit of this situation is the adiabatic reactor, and the engineer must always be aware of this mode because it is the worst-case scenario of any exothermic reactor. Note that if A Hr > 0, we must supply heat to maintain the reactor temperature, and loss of heat will cause the reactor to cool down and the rate will decrease safely. 

Note Students sometimes complain that a project is not feasible at this stage and should be abandoned. However, the design team may not be fully aware of external developments, e.g. anticipated oil price rises, shortages of key commodities, etc. If a project does not appear feasible, it may be necessary to complete the design study in readiness for possible market changes and more favourable economic conditions. In this situation, it is preferable to perform the detailed economic evaluation (see Chapter 6) in terms of the changes in raw materials costs, increase in product price, etc., necessary to make the project profitable and feasible, rather than as a detailed statement of loss per annum. 

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