Simplified costing

Fink. J M A Simplified Cost Comparison of Freeze-Dried Food with Its Canned and Frozen Counterparts," pood Technology. 31, 4, 50-56 (1977). 

Avoiding the use of organic solvents during MAOS of heterocycles lead to a clean, efficient and economical technology (Green Chemistry). Apart from this the safety is increased, workup is considerably simplified, cost is reduced, the use of toxic solvents can be avoided and the reactivities and sometimes the selectivities can also be enhanced without dilution. Due to these positive aspects of solvent free synthesis, there is a marked increase in the use of environmentally benign reagents and procedures. 

The newest engineering thermoplastic is a polyetherimide that was formally announced by General Electric Company in 1982 (16). This amorphous polymer is designated Ultem resin and resulted from the research work of a team headed by J. G. Wirth in the early 1970s (9). The early laboratory process involved a costly and difficult synthesis. Further development resulted in a number of breakthroughs that led to a simplified, cost-effective production process. The final step of the process involves the imidization of a diacid anhydride with m-phenylene diamine (Figure 13). 

A simplified cost model can be deducted based on the breakdown of costs shown in Table 15.11. The total operating cost TOC can be expressed as the sum of manufacturing costs (MC) and general expenses (SAKE) ... 

The simplified cost models developed for total capital investment and operating costs allows a quick analysis of profitability. For instance, the gross profit before taxes can be obtained by subtracting total operating costs TOC (Eq. 15.30) from sales S ... 

Flink, J. M. (1977b). A simplified cost comparison of a freeze-dried food with its canned and frozen counterparts. Food TechnoL 31(4), 50. 

Table 8.1 Simplified Cost and Mechanical Property Comparison of Generic Filled and Reinforced POs ...

Today, with increasing price of petrochemical feedstocks and new processes being developed, alternative production routes using biomass feedstocks are gaining more attention. Therefore, this chapter presents a simplified cost-estimation procedure for looking at biomass-based production processes, to be compared to present petrochemical production routes. The procedure is based on specific investment and product yield figures. 

The experiments are aimed at finding a system to measure delayed neutron emitters directly in the vessel. This offers the following advantages no sampling device is required, the system is simplified, costs are reduced, safety is enhanced through a reduction in response times and the system fully complies with the integrated concept. 

Brevoort GH, Roebuck AH. Simplified cost calculations and comparisons of paint and protective coating systems. Expected life and Economic lustification. CORROSION 1979, Paper 037. Houston, Tex NACE International, 1979. 

Simplified Costing in the Bidding and Design Phase 5.1.3.2.1 Estimated Value Technology... 

One possible way to approach the topic is the use of so-called tiered calculation methods. Based on the analysis of individual cost factors and their impact on the overall effort, a first, in many cases already sufficient, basis for financial evaluation of technical requirements and design parameters is created. With more experience, it is recommended, despite higher time expenditure in the beginning, to create a detailed calculation, company specific for the mold vendors and at least industry-specific to the mold maker for the buyer. In addition to an objective basis for the technical specification and the economic evaluation of a mold (e.g., in the form of a negotiation support), the detailed calculation is also a necessary standard and calibration instrument for all types of simplified cost calculation. 

The gaps in the steel are instrumented with RPC s [4] [5] or with plastic tube counters [7], similar to those developed by E. larocci [6], operated in limited streamer mode. Both the.se choice.s provide efficient and inexpensive coverage of tlie large areas involved, and operation in limited streamer mode, possible because no pulse height information is required, simplifies operation and readout. For the reference design, we have u.sed an larocci tube system, as the proximity of SLD simplifies cost estimation. The tubes are made of extruded plastic modules of eight each, with an active area of 0.9 x 0.9 cm per... 

Heat exchanger cost laws often can be adjusted with little loss of accuracy such that the coefficient c is constant for different specifications, i.e.. Cl = Ca = c. In this case, Eq. (7.23) simplifies to ... 

The preceding definitions of economic potential and total annual cost can be simplified if it is accepted that they will be used to compare the relative merits of difierent structural options in the flowsheet and difierent settings of the operating parameters. Thus items which will be common to the options being compared can be neglected. 

Availability of a representative set of data examples. Such a set may significantly simplify construction of any automatic interpretation system. The example data is usually obtained from calibration pieces, however, they usually represent only the most common defects and are usually expensive to manufacture. Recently more and more data is stored as digital inspection records, unfortunately the stored data is rarely fully classified, as this would increase the cost of inspection (usually only the serious defects are given full description in the reports). 

Preparation of soil—sediment of water samples for herbicide analysis generally has consisted of solvent extraction of the sample, followed by cleanup of the extract through Uquid—Uquid or column chromatography, and finally, concentration through evaporation (285). This complex but necessary series of procedures is time-consuming and is responsible for the high cost of herbicide analyses. The advent of soUd-phase extraction techniques in which the sample is simultaneously cleaned up and concentrated has condensed these steps and thus gready simplified sample preparation (286). 

Absorption. Oil absorption is another process used for recovery of LPG and natural gas Hquids from natural gas. Recovery is enhanced by loweriag the absorption temperature to —45°C and by keeping the molecular weight of the absorption oil down to 100. Heat used to separate the product from the absorption oil contributes to the cost of recovery. Therefore, this process has become less competitive as the cost of energy has iacreased. A simplified flow diagram of a typical oil-absorption process is shown ia Figure 2. 

Some of the advantages of fluidized beds include flexibiUty in fuel use, easy removal of SO2, reduced NO production due to relatively low combustion temperatures, simplified operation due to reduced slagging, and finally lower costs in meeting environmental regulations compared to the conventional coal burning technologies. Consequently, fluidized-bed combustors are currently under intensive development and industrial size units (up to 150 MW) are commercially available (Fig. 10). 

---