Silicones biomaterials

Mark E. and Van Dyke. Silicone biomaterials A review. Polym Prepr, 2004, 45, 600-601. 

In dentistry, silicones are primarily used as dental-impression materials where chemical- and bioinertness are critical, and, thus, thoroughly evaluated.546 The development of a method for the detection of antibodies to silicones has been reviewed,547 as the search for novel silicone biomaterials continues. Thus, aromatic polyamide-silicone resins have been reviewed as a new class of biomaterials.548 In a short review, the comparison of silicones with their major competitor in biomaterials, polyurethanes, has been conducted.549 But silicones are also used in the modification of polyurethanes and other polymers via co-polymerization, formation of IPNs, blending, or functionalization by grafting, affecting both bulk and surface characteristics of the materials, as discussed in the recent reviews.550-552 A number of papers deal specifically with surface modification of silicones for medical applications, as described in a recent reference.555 The role of silicones in biodegradable polyurethane co-polymers,554 and in other hydrolytically degradable co-polymers,555 was recently studied. 

Schmidt JA, von Recum AF. Macrophage response to microtextured silicone. Biomaterials 1992 13 1059-69. 

McCullagh, S. D. Malcolm, R. K. Woolfson, A. D. Gorman, S. P. Jones, D. S. Cuddy, J., Release Kinetics of Olelyl Alcohol from a Self-Lubricating Silicone Biomaterial. J. Mater. Chem. 2004,14,1093-1098. 

Laaksonen T, Santos H, Vihola H, Salonen J, Riikonen J, Heikkila T, Peltonen L, Kumar N, Murzin D, Lehto V, Hirvonen J (2007) Failure of MTT as a toxicity testing agent for mesoporous silicon microparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 20(12) 1913-1918 Low SP (2008) Development of porous silicon as a scaffold for the delivery of cells into ocular tissue. Flinders University, Department of Chemistry Low SP, Williams KA, Canham LT, Voelcker NH (2006) Evaluation of mammahan cell adhesion on surface modified porous silicon. Biomaterials 27 4538-4546 Masters J (2000) Animal cell culture a practical approach. OUP, Oxford... 

Low SP, Williams KA, Canham LT, Voelcker NH (2006) Evaluation of mammalian cell adhesion on surface-modified porous silicon. Biomaterials 27 4538 Makara VA, Klyui NI, Rozhin AG, Litovchenko VG, Piryatinskii YP, Kometa OB (2003) Porous silicon photoluminescence modification by surface treatments and impregnation of carbon based nanoclusters. Phys Status Solidi A-Appl Res 197 355 Makila E, Bimbo LM, Kaasalainen M, Herranz B, Airaksinen AJ, Heinonen M, Kukk E, Hirvonen J, Santos HA, Salonen J (2012) Amine modification of thermally carbonized porous silicon with silane coupling. Langmuir 28 14045... 

Reffitt DM, Ogston N, Jugdaohsingh R, Cheung HFJ, Evans BAJ, Thompson RPH, Powell JJ, Hampson GN (2003) Orthosilicic acid stimulates collagen type 1 synthesis and osteoblastic differentiation in human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. Bone 32 127-135 Sapelkin AV, Bayliss SC, Unal B, Charalambou A (2006) Interaction of B50 rat hippocampal cells with stain-etched porous silicon. Biomaterials 27 842-846 Sun W, Puzas JE, Sheu T-J, Liu X, Fauchet PM (2007) Porous silicon as a cell interface for bone-tissue engineering. Adv Mater 19 921-924... 

Bioactive biomaterials are discussed with respect to drug delivery systems and the physicochemical principles relating to drug diffusion and delivery from biomaterials and controlled release systems. A case study is included concerning drug delivery from silicone biomaterial. 

Colas A, Curtis J (2004) Silicone biomaterials history and chemistry. In Rutner BD,... 

Sapelkin, A.V., Bayliss, S.C., Unal, B. and Charalambou, A. (2005) Interaction of B50 rat hippocampal cells with stain-etched porous silicon. Biomaterials, 27, 842-5. 

This sihcone network system is capable of facile manipulation of mechanical properties and seems to provide a material platform to study the optimal mechanical support for different cellular proliferations. The mechanical properties of the silicone biomaterial are easily manipulated to mimic the physiological tissues in its applications. Cell growth based on density numbers still indicates less than optimal biological activity. Hence, to further improve the silicone network system for ideal tissue scaffold, our next goal is to... 

D. Petraitis, Silicone biomaterials. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Bridging disciplines for biomedicine. Proceedings of the ISth Annual International Conference of the... 

As a preeminent biomaterial, silicones have been the most thoroughly studied polymer over the last half century. From lubrication for syringes to replacements for soft tissue, silicones have set the standard for excellent blood compatibility, low toxicity durability, and bioinertness. Many medical applications would not have been possible without this unique polymer. 

Chen et al. utUized a direct chemical reaction with a given solution (wet treatment) to modify the surface of the silicone rubber. The presence of a layer of PEO on a biomaterial surface is accompanied by reductions in protein adsorption, and cell and bacterial adhesion. In order to obtain a PEO layer on top of the silicone rabber surface, the surface was firstly modihed by incorporating an Si-H bond using (MeHSiO) , and followed by PEO grafting to the surface using a platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction. These PEO-modified surfaces were demonstrated by fibrinogen adsorption both from buffer and plasma, as well as albumin adsorption from buffer. Reductions in protein adsorption of as much as 90% were noted on these surfaces. 

The first documented use of sUicone as biomaterial was silicone mbber tubing as shunts for treatment of hydrocephalus in about 1955. From 1960 to 1990, the biomedical application of sUicone mbber was steadUy grown. One of the most well-known silicone product is the Norplant contraceptive implant. The first clinical experiment with this device was reported in 1966. FDA approved its use in 1990. 

Ikada Y. Surface modification of polymers for medical application. Biomaterials, 1994, 15, 725-736. James SJ, Pogribna M, Miller BJ, Bolon B, and Muskhelishvili L. Characterization of cellular response to silicone implants in rats Implications for foreign-body carcinogenesis. Biomaterials, 1997, 18, 667-675. 

Williams RL, Wilson DJ, and Rhodes, NP. Stability of plasma-treated silicone rubber and its influence on the interfacial aspects of blood compatibility. Biomaterials, 2004, 25, 4659 673. 

Gottenbosa B, Henny C, van der Meia, Klatterb F, Nieuwenhuisb P, and Busscher HJ. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of covalently coupled quaternary ammonium silane coatings on silicone rubber. Biomaterials, 2002, 23, 1417-1423. 

Chen H, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Brook MA, and Sheardown H. Protein repeUant silicone surfaces by covalent immobilization of poly(ethylene oxide). Biomaterials, 2005, 26, 2391-2399. 

Lopour P, Plichta Z, Volfova Z, Hron P, and Vondracek P. Silicone rubber-hydrogel composites as polymeric biomaterials. Biomaterials, 1993, 14(14), 1051-1055. 

Lednicky F, Janatova V, and Lopour P. Silicone rubber-hydrogel composite as polymeric biomaterials [J]. Biomaterials, 1991, 12, 848. 

Chamberlain LJ, Yannas EV, Arrizabalaga A, Hsu HP, Norregaard TV, and Specter M. Early peripheral nerve healing in collagen and silicone tube imolants Myofibroblasts and the cellular response. Biomaterials, 1998, 19, 1393-1403. 

At present the situation in the field of inorganic polymeric materials is dominated by polysiloxanes (silicones) [14, 24-27], whose utilization as low temperature elastomers, thermally stable fluids, biomaterials etc., is definitely well established. 

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