Mesoporous silicon microparticles

Kilpelainen M, Riikonen J, Vlasova MA, Huotari A, Lehto VP, Salonen J, Herzig KH, Jarvinen K (2009) In vivo delivery of a peptide, ghrelin antagonist, with mesoporous silicon microparticles. J Control Release 137(2) 166-170... 

Salonen J, Laitinen L, Kaukonen AM, Tuura J, Bjorkqvist M, Heikkila T, Vaha-Heikkila K, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2005) Mesoporous silicon microparticles for oral drug delivery loading and release of five model drugs. J Control Release 108 362-374... 

Laaksonen T, Santos H, Vihola H, Salonen J, Riikonen J, Heikkila T, Peltonen L, Kumar N, Murzin D, Lehto V, Hirvonen J (2007) Failure of MTT as a toxicity testing agent for mesoporous silicon microparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 20(12) 1913-1918 Low SP (2008) Development of porous silicon as a scaffold for the delivery of cells into ocular tissue. Flinders University, Department of Chemistry Low SP, Williams KA, Canham LT, Voelcker NH (2006) Evaluation of mammahan cell adhesion on surface modified porous silicon. Biomaterials 27 4538-4546 Masters J (2000) Animal cell culture a practical approach. OUP, Oxford... 

Landry MR (2005) Thermoporometry by differential scanning calorimetry experimental considerations and applications. Thermochim Acta 433(l-2) 27-50. doi 10.1016/j.tca.2005.02.015 Lehto VP, Vaha-Heikkila K, Paski J, Salonen J (2005) Use of thermoanalytical methods in quantification of drug load in mesoporous silicon microparticles. J Therm Anal Calorim 80(2) 393-397... 

Wang F, Hui H, Barnes TJ, Barnett C, Prestidge CA (2010) Oxidized mesoporous silicon microparticles for improved oral delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Mol Pharm 7(l) 227-236. doi 10.1021/mp900221e... 

Limnell T, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2006) The effect of different surface treatment and pore size on the dissolution of ibuprofen from mesoporous silicon particles. Eur J Pharm Sci 28 S34-S34 Limnell T, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2007) Surface chemistry and pore size affect carrier properties of mesoporous silicon microparticles. Int J Pharm 343 141-147... 

Ouyang H, DeLouise LA, Miller BL, Fauchet PM (2007) Label-free quanhtative detechon of protein using macroporous silicon photonic bandgap biosensors. Anal Chem 79(4) 1502-1506 Pastor E, Matveeva E, Valle-Gallego A, Goycoolea FM, Garcia-Fuentes M (2011) Protein delivery based on uncoated and chitosan-coated mesoporous silicon microparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 88(2) 601-609... 

Ratio Between Drug-loaded Silica Particles and Excipients Besides the influence of certain excipients on the drug release, several authors investigated the effect of the ratio between drug-loaded silica particles and excipients in the formulation. Limnell et al. (2011) used 25 % of IMC-loaded MCM-41 in their tablet formulations and obtained tablets with a fast release. Tahvanainen et al. further increased the amount of drug-loaded silica particles to 25, 30, and 35 % using IMC-loaded thermally oxidized mesoporous silicon microparticles (TOPSi-IMC), and observed a decrease... 

Tahvanainen M, Rotko T et al (2012) Tablet preformulations of indomethacin-loaded mesoporous silicon microparticles. Int J Pharm 422 125-131... 

Figure 11.5 Scanning electron microscop)r (SEM) images of hemispherical mesoporous silicon microparticles containing either large pores (a) or small pores (b). Reproduced from Ref [16], courtesy of Nature Publishing Group.

Kovalainen M, Monkare J, Makila E, Salonen J, Lehto V-P, Herzig KH, Jarvinen K (2012) Mesoporous silicon (Psi) for sustained peptide delivery effect of Psi microparticle surface chemistry on peptide Yy3-36 release. Pharm Res 29(3) 837-846 Kovalev D, Gross E, Kunzner N, Koch F, Timoshenko VY, Fujii M (2002) Resonant electronic energy transfer from excitons confined in silicon nanocrystals to oxygen molecules. Appl Phys Lett 89(13) 1374011-1374014... 

Crystalline silicon is a strong but brittle material. The introduction of porosity often lowers hardness, stiffiiess, and fracture strength (see handbook chapter Mechanical Properties of Porous Silicon ), and if the stmcture becomes too weak, it cannot often survive common material processing techniques without alteration. Examples include air drying (see handbook chapter Drying Techniques Applied to Porous Silicon ), reduction of particle size via communition (see handbook chapter Milling of Porous Silicon Microparticles ), and oxidation of layers (see handbook chapter Oxidation of Mesoporous Silicon ). The properties of electrochemically etched layers can depend not only on etch parameters but how the material was dried. The properties of microparticles can be sensitive to how they were milled. 

Kaukonen AM, Laitinen L, Salonen J, Tuura J, Heikkila T, LimneU T, Hirvonen J, Lehto VP (2007) Enhanced in vitro permeation of furosemide loaded into thermally carbonized mesoporous silicon (TCPSi) microparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 66 348-356 Kawamura YL, Sakka T, Ogata YH (2005) Photoassisted control of Pt electrodeposition on p-type Si. J Electrochem Soc 152 C701-C705... 

In this review we detail how the color of mesoporous silicon can be tuned, like many other properties (see handbook chapter Tunable Properties of Porous Silicon ). This has been achieved by both control of the physical structure of silicon at the nanoscale and chemical means. The physical color of porous silicon films, membrane flakes, and photonic crystals is much more easily tuned than those of milled microparticle powders. The latter display various shades of brown, rather than the gray of solid silicon, and this has to date been an obstacle for applications in certain high-volume consumer products. 

Bevilacqua P, Ferrara G (1996) Comminution of porous materials. Int J Min Proc 44 5 117-131 Heikkila T, Makila E, Ojanen S, Qu H, Louhi-Kultanen M, Riikonen J, Salonen J, Kumar N, Yu Murzin D, Santos HA, Laaksonen T, Peltonen L, Hirvonen J, Lehto V-P (2009) Effect of comminution on microparticle properties of mesoporous silicon and silica materials. In Proceedings of the 12th European symposium on comminution and classification, Espoo, pp 1-17 Heintz AS, Fink MJ, Mitchell BS (2010) Silicon nanoparticles with chemically tailored surfaces. Appl Organometal Chem 24 236-240... 

Won CW et al (2009) Porous silicon microparticles synthesis by solid flame technique. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 126 166-170... 

Fig. 1 Low-to ultrahigh porosity silicon structures (a) <5 % macroporous wafer (b) buried porosity for layer transfer (Terheiden et al. 2011) (c) 35 % porosity membrane for thermoelectrics (Tang et al. 2010) (d) a 40 % macroporous photonic crystal waveguide (Muller et al. 2000) (e) microfabricated 60 % mesoporous microparticles for drag delivery (Chiappini etal. 2010) (f) a 70 % mesoporous nanowire for photocatalysis (Quet al. 2010) (g) double-walled silicon nanotubes ( 80 % porosity) for battery anodes (Wu et al. 2012) (h) photoluminescent 95 % mesoporous aerocrystal (Canham et al. 1994)...

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