21 Practical Recipes

As CMP materials are constantly progressing, it would be delusive to propose definitive practical recipes. However, taking into account all the elements previously set out, some cleaning processes using a scrubber or wet chemistries adapted to some typical CMP situations can be proposed for example purposes (see Table II). 

The practical recipes of the pseudo-Democritus differ only from the Theban papyri in their less simple and plain directions. They are the same in their intentions of imitating gold and silver by yellow and white alloys of copper, lead, tin, mercury and arsenic by colored mixtures or varnishes or stains to be superficially applied to give a surface resemblance to gold or silver and the materials... 

Seems interpolated and disconnected from the rest, part of a practical recipe but not intelligible.)... 

Dick s Encyclopedia of Practical Recipes and Processes was first published in 1872. It details methods for making everything from deadly poisons to high explosives, narcotics, shoe polish, all the most popular patent medicines of the day and ketchup. 

The essential ingredients in an emulsion polymerization are the water, a monomer which is not miscible with water, an oil-in-water emulsifier, and a compound or compounds which release free radicals in the aqueous phase. Other ingredients which may be used in practical recipes are mentioned briefly later. Typical proportions (by weight) are monomers 100, water 150, emulsifier 2-5, and initiator 0.5, although these ratios may vary over a wide range. 

A practical recipe, based on the use of MEP values only, is sometimes employed, although formally incorrect. The recipe consists of replacing the interaction energy with an auxiliary function F(R) defined as the algebraic sum of potential products ... 

The Keepers of Light (1979) by William Crawford (Morgan and Morgan, New York) covers important and obscure silver and non silver systems. Historical accounts are thorough and unusually accompanied by practical recipes for the reader to follow to reproduce the techniques described. 

A combination of wetting the sample with a dispersant followed by spatulation and sonication has proven to give the best dispersions. There are monographs dedicated to sample dispersion [3,62]. Especially useful is Appendix A in [3]. The following is a practical recipe for dispersing dry powders in liquid ... 

It was observed very early that rather minor variations in the composition of the oils could make great differences in performance and many secret recipes developed. The field is unusual in that empirical practice has been in the lead, with theory stmggling to explain. Some basic aspects are fairly well under-... 

Unconstrained optimization methods [W. II. Press, et. ah, Numerical Recipes The An of Scieniific Compulime.. Cambridge University Press, 1 9H6. Chapter 101 can use values of only the objective function, or of first derivatives of the objective function. second derivatives of the objective function, etc. llyperChem uses first derivative information and, in the Block Diagonal Newton-Raphson case, second derivatives for one atom at a time. TlyperChem does not use optimizers that compute the full set of second derivatives (th e Hessian ) because it is im practical to store the Hessian for mac-romoleciiles with thousands of atoms. A future release may make explicit-Hessian meth oils available for smaller molecules but at this release only methods that store the first derivative information, or the second derivatives of a single atom, are used. 

Recipes for making HBr (from Vogel s "Practical Organic Chemis-try"[37])... 

In fat-free recipes where this method caimot be practiced, it is possible to add and mix vanillin powder with eggs. An alternative to vanillin powder for highly mechanized processes is to use a vanillin solution or Hquid flavor the solvent used is either ethanol- or monopropylene glycol-based. 

Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions can be made with a surfactant alone or with a protective coUoid alone, but the usual practice is to use a combination of the two. Normally, up to 3 wt % stabilizers may be included in the recipe, but when water sensitivity or tack of the wet film is desired, as in some adhesives, more may be included. The most commonly used surfactants are the anionic sulfates and sulfonates, but cationic emulsifiers and nonionics are also suitable. Indeed, some emulsion compounding formulas require the use of cationic or nonionic surfactants for stable formulations. The most commonly used protective coUoids are poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose, but there are many others, natural and synthetic, which are usable if not preferable for a given appHcation. 

Finally, in this part of the work we would like to discuss to some extent practical tools to obtain thermodynamic properties of adsorbed fluids. We have mentioned above that the compressibility equation is the only simple recipe, for the moment, to obtain the thermodynamics of partly quenched simple fluids. The reason is that the virial equation is difficult to implement it has not been tested for partly quenched systems. Nevertheless, for the sake of completeness, we present the virial equation in the form [22,25]... 

Where silica removal from raw water is not practiced, it is commonly managed by raising the alkalinity of the FW. However, high alkalinity water may lead to BW carryover, but simply reducing this high alkalinity without concern for silica removal is a recipe for disaster. Glassy silicate scales undoubtedly will occur. 

This book describes and gives Fortran subroutines for a wide variety of ODE solvers. More to the point, it gives numerical recipes for practically anything you will ever need to compute. Volume 2 is also available online. It discusses Fortran 90 in the context of parallel computing. C, Pascal, and Basic versions of Volume 1 can be purchased. 

---