Brown and Robin

The application of the Ullmann coupling to the synthesis of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans was described in the late 1970 s by the groups of Ziegler and of Brown and Robin. 

The total synthesis of racemic and later of natural (-)-steganone was described by Brown and Robin using a classical Ullmann coupling at a later stage, Fig. (25) [37,133,134,135,136], Lactone 114 was first... 

Ullmann reaction. Brown and Robin have found that two different aryl halides hindered by bulky substituents in the orrto-positions can be coupled by a inoditied Ullmann reaction. A large excess of copper powder (not activated) is necessary and the temperature should be lower than that which leads to self-coupling of the less reactive aryl halid. At optimal temperatures, usually 190-240the reaction can tie completed in 20-30 minutes. In favorable cases yields of biphenyls as high as 757o can be obtained, example ... 

Nicholls, L., Grant, T. H., and Robins-Browne, R. M. (2000). Identification of a novel genetic locus that is required for in vitro adhesion of a clinical isolate of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells. Mol. Microbiol. 35, 275-288. 

Brown, Katherine L., and Robin J.H. Clark. 2002. Analysis of pigmentary materials on the Vinland map and tartar relation by Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 74 3658-3661. 

James G. Wiener, R.A. Bodaly, Steven S. Brown, Marc Lucotte, Michael C. Newman, Donald B. Porcella, Robin J. Reash, and Edward B. Swain... 

O Loughlin EV, Robins-Browne RM Effect of Shiga toxin and Shiga-like toxins on eukaryotic cells. Microbes Infect 2001 3 493-507. 

Badea, L. S., Doughty, S., Nicholls, L., Sloan, Robins-Browne, R. M., and Hartland, E. L. (2003). Contribution of Efal/LifA to the adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells. Microb. Pathog. 34, 205-215. 

Skowron, A. and Brown, I. D. (1990). Refinement of the structure of robin-sonite, Pb4SbgSi3. Acta Cryst. C46, 527-31. 

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