Serum enzyme profiles

Serum enzyme profiles for liver or kidney damage... 

The less distorted the enzyme pattern within the serum, the more profound is the underlying necrotic hepatocellular damage, i. e. the enzyme profile within the serum corresponds to that within the hepatocytes LDL > GOT > GPT > GDH. 

MacNamara, E., Goldberg, D.M. Serum enzymes and enzyme profiles in the diagnosis of liver and biliary tract disease. Surv. Dig. Dis. 1985 3 165-186... 

Myocardial infarction occurs when the blood supply to the heart muscle is blocked for an extended time. If this lack of blood supply, called ischemia, is prolonged, the myocardium suffers irreversible cell damage and muscle death, or infarction. When this happens, the concentration of cardiac enzymes in the blood rises dramatically as the dead cells release their contents into the bloodstream. Although many enzymes are liberated, three are of prime importance. These three enzymes, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase/serum glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (AST/SGOT), show a characteristic sequential rise in blood serum level following myocardial infarction and then return to normal. This enzyme profile, shown in the ac-... 

The dynamic profile of carnosine was investigated by comparing MD simulations in isotropic solvents (i.e. water and chloroform) with simulation of the compound bound to serum carnosinase (CNl) [22]. This enzyme is characterized by its distribution in plasma and brain, and its ability to hydrolyze also anserine and homocarnosine [23]. The conformational profile of carnosine can be defined by... 

The DHPT PT ratio is proportional to the DHCicholesterol ratio and profile analysis can therefore be used diagnostically as an alternate to serum analysis (Fig. 5.3.6). The enzyme deficiency is never complete and the severity of the condition can be ascertained by determining the DHPTiPT ratio. 

Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE EC 3.1.1.8) from either horse or mice serum displayed different profiles. A steady state was not developed, although the rate constants of inhibition decreased with time. Since the presence of multiforms of serum BuChE has been established, it is likely that the first-order plot represents more than one exponent. The inhibited enzyme did not regenerate as fast as AChE-TDPI conjugate. However, 2-PAM enhanced the reactivation of horse-serum BuChE after inhibition with TDPI. The various rate constants were computed from the initial slopes of the inhibition and reactivation of... 

There are nowadays numerous possibilities for additional exploration, using ex-vivo tissue samples. The classical approach is histology of the anterior pituitary gland (Tucker 1999), this can be extended to histomorphometry, in situ hybridization for enzymes, and gene expression profiling. In general however, pituitary hormone contents are sufficiently informative, when pituitary TSH content and serum TSH concentration are determined. 

Observational data have suggested that HRT users may have a better profile of liver function tests. One randomised placebo-controlled study involving 50 women with type 2 diabetes demonstrated that HRT containing oestradiol 1 mg and norethisterone 0.5 mg significantly improved serum concentrations of liver enzymes. The authors hypothesised that this might be due to HRT causing a reduction in liver fat content. However, further work in this area to understand the significance and mechanisms by which this occurs was recommended [12]. 

The use of the enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorjiase for enzymatic peak identification is illustrated by the RPLC serum profile from a patient with severe depression. Based upon the retention time, the peak eluting at approximately 15 min was tentatively identified as inosine (Fig. 14A). Cochromatography with an inosine reference compound resulted in a subsequent increase in peak area for the compound of interest (Fig. 14B). Fur-fiiermore, stopped-flow UV spectra indicated a similarity between the inosine standard and the peak tentatively identified as inosine (Fig. 15). 

The result of the inherent comparison of AChE and BChE that was completed in our laboratory revealed two very adept OP bioscavengers. The major difference noted in this study was an ineffectiveness of oxime-mediated reactivation of BChE relative to the accelerated rates seen with AChE (Geyer, Cerasoli, Lenz, and Mor, unpublished results). In the case of both enzymes, by utilizing purification protocols that were only mildly adapted from those used to purify serum BChE or recombinant ChEs we can assume that any associated purification costs will be similar to those incurred in other systems. Before this project is ready to transition into a clinical study, a further refinement of the PEGylation and other modifications that have been shown to enhance the circulatory profile of these plant-derived ChEs must be undertaken. 

Vedaprofen is a propionic acid derivative that, like carprofen and ketoprofen, exists as two enantiomers with different pharmacokinetic profiles in the horse. For example, the plasma disposition of S(-t-)-vedaprofen is characterized by a very rapid decline with a plasma half-life of less than 1 h while R(-)-vedaprofen has a more prolonged elimination phase with a plasma half-life of over 2h (Lees et al 1999). Both enantiomers also accumulate in and exhibit a delayed elimination from inflammatory exudates. In horses, vedaprofen appears to be slightly selective for the COXl enzyme. For example, the median effective concentration for inhibition of serum TXB2 production, which is assumed to be a reflection of COXl activity, was much lower than that for inhibition of inflammatory infiltrate PGE2 production, which is assumed to be a reflection of COX2 activity. Although the results of these studies are promising, there are no published data on the clinical effectiveness and safety of vedaprofen in horses. 

Munro CJ, Stabenfeldt GH, Cragun JR, Addiego LA, Overstreet JW, Lasley BL. Relationship of serum estradiol and progesterone concentrations to the excretion profiles of their major urinary metabohtes as measured by enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay. Clin Chem 1991 37 838-44. 

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