Enzyme patterns

The diversity of functions within a microbial population is important for the multiple functions of a soil. The functional diversity of microbial communities has been found to be very sensitive to environmental changes (Zak et al. 1994 Kandeler et al. 1996,1999). However, the methods used mainly indicate the potential in vitro functionality. Functional diversity of microbial populations in soil may be determined by either expression of different enzymes (carbon utilization patterns, extracellular enzyme patterns) or diversity of nucleic acids (mRNA, rRNA) within cells, the latter also reflecting the specific enzymatic processes operating in the cells. Indicators of functional diversity are also indicators of microbial activity and thereby integrate diversity and function. 

The enzymatic activity in soil is mainly of microbial origin, being derived from intracellular, cell-associated or free enzymes. Only enzymatic activity of ecto-enzymes and free enzymes is used for determination of the diversity of enzyme patterns in soil extracts. Enzymes are the direct mediators for biological catabolism of soil organic and mineral components. Thus, these catalysts provide a meaningful assessment of reaction rates for important soil processes. Enzyme activities can be measured as in situ substrate transformation rates or as potential rates if the focus is more qualitative. Enzyme activities are usually determined by a dye reaction followed by a spectrophotometric measurement. 

N3. Nikldla, E. A., and Pitkanen, E., Liver enzyme pattern in thyrotoxicosis. Acta Endocrinol. 31, 573-586 (1959). 

On the basis of the hypothesis already developed, it may be presumed that in the organs and tissues of every individual there will be found more or less distinctive enzymic patterns. This concept does not suggest that the assortment of enzymes present would actually be different and qualitatively distinctive for different individuals, but that for genetic reasons the efficiencies of the different enzymes and enzyme systems would vary from individual to individual. 

Weber, G., (ed.), Enzyme pattern-targeted chemotherapy. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 24, 1985. This volume contains several chapters about inhibitors of nucleotide metabolism and their mechanism of actions. 

Keller J, Layer P Circadian pancreatic enzyme pattern and relationship between secretory and motor activity in fasting humans. JAppl Physiol 93 592-600, 2002. 

Japanese Society of Miso Science and Technology Figure 18. Schematic representation of effect of heat treatment on soybean protein and its hydrolysis patterns by various enzymes. Pattern A, pepsin and other acid proteinoses pattern B, the proteinoses having an optimum near neutrality, such as papain, bacteria neutral proteinase, Aspergillus alkaline proteinase, Aspergillus neutral proteinase and pattern C, trypsin and in vivo nutritional... 

Hepatobiliary enzymes Each organ possesses a typical quantitative and, to some extent, qualitative distribution of enzymes resulting in a cellular profile of enzymes, which is termed the enzyme pattern. Thus within the hepatocytes and the biliary ducts, the liver also possesses a characteristic distribution of enzymes with gradually varying specificity. This specificity of essential hepatobiliary enzymes is of importance for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary diseases. (26) (s. tab. 5.4)... 

Enzyme distortion A shift in the normal enzyme pattern is termed enzyme distortion. It is possible to derive various kinds of information from the prevailing enzyme pattern ... 

The less distorted the enzyme pattern within the serum, the more profound is the underlying necrotic hepatocellular damage, i. e. the enzyme profile within the serum corresponds to that within the hepatocytes LDL > GOT > GPT > GDH. 

The more distorted the enzyme pattern, the more chronic is the course of the disease. 

The 4-fold enzyme pattern, which is compiled by adding alkaline phosphatase to the 3-fold pattern, has proved useful as a general screening test. Hereby, non-responders who do not show a y-GT increase in cholestasis (2-3%) are also detected. Liver disease is confirmed or ruled out with a probability of 96-97%. (s. tab. 5.11) Further diagnostic clues are rapidly and easily obtained by means of enzyme ratios, (s. tabs. 5.6, 5.7)... 

Carraro M, Stacul E, Collar P,Toson D, Zucconi E,Torre R, Eaccini E, Dalla Palma E. Contrast media nephrotoxicity urinary protein and enzyme pattern in patients with or without saline infusion during digital subtracting angiography. Contrib Nephrol 1993 101 251-254. 

In other studies, three strains of Epstein-Barr virus and herpes simplex types 1 and each gave unique restriction enzyme patterns. 

The diagnosis of organ disease is aided by measurement of a number of enzymes characteristic of that tissue or organ. Most tissues have characteristic enzyme patterns (Table 8-2) that may be reflected in the relative serum concentrations of the respective enzymes in disease. The diseased tissue can be further identified by determination of the isoenzyme pattern of one of these enzymes (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase) in the serum, since many tissues have characteristic isoenzyme distribution patterns for a given enzyme. For example, creatine kinase (CK) is a dimer composed of two subunits, M (for muscle) and B (for brain), that occur in three isoenzyme forms, BB(CKi), MB(CK2) and MM(CK3), which catalyze the reversible phosphorylation of creatine with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the phosphate donor ... 

Starch-gel electrophoresis of pathological sera led to the indication that there might be different alkaline phosphatase enzyme patterns in sera of patients with bone and hepatobiliary disease (C7). Taswell and... 

HI. Haije, W. H., and DeJong, M., Iso-enzyme patterns of serum alkaline phosphatase in agar-gel electrophoresis and their clinical significance. Clin. Chim. Acta 8, 620-623 (1963). 

C17. Christiansson, G., and Josephson, B., A study of the enzyme pattern in children and newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. 49, 626-632 (1960). 

Each enzyme species is proportional to the sum of rate constants and concentration terms (frequences of steps) that lead to the enzyme form from each enzyme pattern (proportional to vertex determinants) Ef ock3k3 +k2k +k1k4.ESxk4kbP+k4k4A+k]k4AEPv.k3kfjP+k2k(P+kikiA. The fraction of the particular form of enzyme to the total enzyme is expressed... 

Fig. 2.1 Diagram of substance formation in cereal plants (Schilling et al. 2000). Exogenous factors induce differential gene (DNA) activation that catalyzes (via messenger RNA) the formation of proteins with enzymatic character. Some enzymes help to synthesize phytohormones which induce in other organs the typical enzyme pattern of these plant s parts.

Goodman, R., Oesch, F. and Thoenen, H. (1974) Changes in enzyme patterns produced by high potassium concentration and dibutyryl cyclic AMP in organ cultures of sympathetic ganglia. J. Neurochem. 23 369-378. 

After evaluation in toxicology studies, several enzymes have been discarded as having little or no additional diagnostic value, or perhaps due to the lack of suitable automated methods and available reagents. These findings are not dissimilar to those in human and veterinary medicine. Enzyme patterns obtained by proteomic techniques may lead to more sensitive assays based on mass rather than activity, and this may lead to biochip technology to further develop novel assays. 

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