Serum cadmium

The use of cultured rat embryos to evaluate the teratogenic activity of serum cadmium and cyclophosphamide. Teratology, 1979, 19(2) 35A. 

Respiratory A study evaluated the association between serum cadmitun, lead concentration and OLD. In a large representative sample of the U.S. population, a significant association between OLD and serum cadmium and lead concentrations was found. Mean (SE) serum lead concentration was significantly higher in the OLD group compared with the control population [14(F]. 

Lehnert et al. 127>128) determined physiological levels of cadmium in serum and urine using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ten milliliters of serum or 50 ml... 

Berman u°) could determine as little as 0.005 ppm cadmium in serum and 0.002 ppm in urine by extracting the cadmium from the digest with lead in sodium diethyldithiocarbamate into MIBK. Torres 112) isolated cadmium from urine by ion exchange chromatography. 

Sarasua, S.M. et al., Serum immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subset distribution in children and adults living in communities assessed for lead and cadmium exposure, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 60, 1, 2000. 

The first fractionation of urinary ampholytes in this way was carried out by Boulanger et al. (BIO) in 1952 with the use of ion-exchange resins. They had designed this procedure previously for the fractionation of ampholytes in blood serum (B8). According to this method, deproteinized urine was subjected to a double initial procedure aiming at the separation of low-molecular weight substances from macro-molecular ones. One of the methods consisted of the fractionation of urinary constituents by means of dialysis, the second was based on the selective precipitation of urinary ampholytes with cadmium hydroxide, which, as had previously been demonstrated, permits separation of the bulk of amino acids from polypeptides precipitated under these circumstances. Three fractions, i.e., the undialyzable part of urine, the dialyzed fraction, and the so-called cadmium precipitate were analyzed subsequently. 

Mertz DP, Koschnick R, Wilk G, et al. 1968. [Studies on the metabolism of trace elements in humans. I. Serum values for cobalt, nickel, silver, cadmium, chromium, molybdenum, manganese],... 

Reference ranges have been established for arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, platinum, nickel in blood and urine pentachlorophenol and metabolites of organophosphorus in serum and urine PCBs, fi-HCH, HCB, DDE in blood organochlorine pesticides (fi-HCH, HCB, total DDT) in human milk... 

Darwish, I.A. and D.A. Blake. 2002. Development and validation of a one-step immunoassay for determination of cadmium in human serum. Anal. Chem. 74 52-58. 

Like cadmium, mercury(II) has a strong affinity for sulfhydryl groups in proteins, enzymes, hemoglobin, and serum albumin. Because of the abundance of sulfhydryl groups in active sites of many enzymes, it is difficult to establish exactly which enzymes are affected by mercury in biological systems. 

A method has been published for the determination of a variety of metals in diluted blood and serum using inductively coupled plasma atomization with mass spectrometric detection.3 Blood was diluted tenfold and serum fivefold with a solution containing ammonia, Triton X-100 surfactant, and EDTA. Detection limits adequate for measurement in blood or serum were found for cadmium, cobalt, copper, lead, rubidium, and zinc. 

Pereira, J. J., R. Mercaldo-Allen, C. Kuropat, D. Luedke, and G. Sennefelder. 1993. Effect of cadmium accumulation of serum vitellogenin levels and hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter flounder Pleuronectes americanus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24 427-431. 

In fact, the above-described results were encouraging enough to warrant a preliminary investigation of the in vitro photodynamic anti-viral and anti-bacterial activity of the cadmium texaphyrins [94]. In addition, they also provided the impetus for several in vitro cell localization experiments [94]. The anti-viral studies were carried out using herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in 50% hiunan serum... 

Hf, "in, and Mo have been applied to study iron ion and molybdenum ion containing proteins, respectively. Finally, " Cd and " Hg have been used in studies of de novo designed heavy metal ion binding proteins and proteins involved in bacterial heavy metal resistance.Other applications include cadmium and indium binding to bovine serum albumin and DNA, as well as in vivo experiments on bacteria. " ... 

A striking and unexpected outcome of the Cadmibel study was the clear-cut interference of fhe low-level Cd exposure with calcium metabolism. For example, when urinary Cd excretion increased twofold, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and urinary calcium excretion rose by 3-4% and 0.25 mmol/24h respectively [142]. The dose (CdU)-response rate of increased calciuria (>9.8 mmol/24h) suggested a 10% prevalence of hy-percalciuria when CdU exceeded 1.9 pg Cd/24h [38]. Hypercalciuria should be considered an early adverse tubulotoxic effect, because it may exacerbate the development of osteoporosis, especially in the elderly. A prospective study from 1992-1995 (median follow-up of 6.6 years) in the above-mentioned Cadmibel subcohort from the rural area showed for a two-fold increase in urinary Cd a significant (p<0.02) decrease of 0.01 g/ cm in forearm bone density in post-menopausal women. In addition, the relative risks associated with doubled urinary Cd were 1.73 (95% Cl 1.16-2.57 p=0.007) for fractures in women and 1.60 (0.94-2.72 p=0.08) for height loss in men. Cadmium excretion in the four... 

Piscator M. Proteinuria in chronic cadmium poisoning. I. An electrophoretic and chemical study of urinary and serum proteins from workers with chronic cadmium poisoning. Arch Environ Health 1962 4 607-621. 

Kido T, Nogawa K, Ishizaki M, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Yamada Y, Nakagawa H, Nishi M. Long-term observation of serum creatinine and arterial blood pH in persons with cadmium-induced renal dysfunction. Arch Environ Health 1990 45 35-41. 

KidoT, Honda R,Tsuritani i, ishizaki M, Yamada Y, Nakagawa H, Nogawa K, DohiY. Serum levels of bone Gla-protein In Inhabitants exposed to environmental cadmium. Arch Environ Health 1991 46 43-49. 

Nogawa K,Tsuritanl I, KidoT, Honda R, Yamada Y, Ishizaki M. Mechanism for bone disease found In Inhabitants environmentally exposed to cadmium decreased serum la,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1987 59 21-30. 

Nogawa K, Kobayashi E, Yamada Y, Honda R, KidoT,TsurltanI I, Ishizaki M. Parathyroid hormone concentration In the serum of people with cadmium-induced renal damage. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1984 54 187-193. 

Bernard AM, Roels HA, Foldart JM, Lauwerys RR. Search for antl-lamlnin antibodies In the serum of workers exposed to cadmium, mercury vapour or lead. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1987 59 303-309. 

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