Long-Term Observations

Perez CA, Pajal TF, Rubion P, et al. Long term observations of the patterns of failure in patients with unresectable non-oat carcinoma of the lung treated with definitive radiotherapy. Report of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 1982 50 1874—1881. 

In long-term observational studies Undifferentiated SpA (UspA) mostly developed into mild AS and some into ReA, PsA, arthritis of IBD or remained as UspA. Only 14% were in functional class III. 

Heintz, F., U. Platt, H. Flentje, and R. Dubois, Long-Term Observation of Nitrate Radicals at the Tor Station, Kap Arkona (Riigen), J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22891-22910 (1996). 

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine has a long history, dating back 5000 years to the beginning of the Chinese civilization. It is the result of people s effort to utilize nature for survival and is developed on the basis of long-term observation, study and practice under the guidance of ancient philosophy. 

Hagiwara, A., Tanak, H., Imaida, K., Tamano, S., Fukushima, S. Ito, N. (1993) Correlation between medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay data and long-term observation results in rats. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 84, 237-245... 

Long term observations indicate that UV-B radiation reaching the earth s surface may have decreased by 5-18% since the industrial revolution in the industrialised midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH). However, on a global basis, this may have been offset by the stratospheric ozone layer reduction. It is not possible to estimate the net effect from both, attenuation and increase, because of the limited amount of spatial and temporal coverage of measurements (Liu et al., 1991). In an attempt to present calculated and modelled effects of aerosol on UV flux the authors used the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Model (DISORT Stammes et al. 1988) for different visual ranges and boundary layer depths (Figure 1). The decrease at 310 nm is 18% and 12 % for a 2km and 1km PBL respectively. 

Hueglin C, Buchmann B, Weber RO (2006) Long-term observation of real-world road traffic emission factors on a motorway in Switzerland. Atmos Environ 40(20) 3696-3709... 

Wiedensohler A et al (2012) Particle mobility size spectrometers harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions. Atmos Meas Tech 5 657-685... 

Reported cases again illustrate that hypoglycemia induced by tablets tends to relapse and that long-term observation after normalizing the blood glucose concentration is necessary. 

Bernhard H. Long-term observations on oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetes The effect of carbutamide and tolbutamide. Diabetes 1965 14 59-70. 

Numerous long-term observations in various latitudinal belts show a high level of correlation between temperature and C02 content. The atmosphere-ocean interaction contributes most to this dependence. Though the atmosphere and the ocean are in equilibrium with respect to C02 exchange, this equilibrium is still regularly violated. The most serious causes of this violation are... 

Baltensperger U. Barrie L. and Wehrli C. (eds.) (2005). WMO/GA W Experts Workshop on a Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties (Davos, Switzerland, March 8-10, 2004). WMO Publ., Davos, Switzerland, 148 pp. 

Under environmental conditions in the Stanislaus National Forest, in central California, which may or may not be comparable with those in the southern California mountains, long-term observations of seedling regeneration indicated ponderosa and sugar pines were favored by removal of the overstory, understory, and ground competition white fir was favored by a light overstory which prevented frost damage (18). In that study, incense cedar was selectively removed by cutworms (Noc-tuidae), which made it difficult to assess the comparative effect of the physical environment on survival. 

Abstract Based on the data of long-term observations, principal hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics of the Sea of Azov such as the water temperature, salinity, and oxygen and nutrient contents are assessed. Features of the seasonal and interannual variations under the action of natural and anthropogenic factors are shown. The biodiversity of the sea and the influence of the invader species on the state of the sea ecosystem are analyzed in detail. 

An analysis of the most long-term observations at coastal hydrometeorological stations of the Black Sea from 1910/1920S to 1985 [6] showed that, in the winter, the water temperature off the entire northern half of the Black Sea coast increased at a rate of 0.02-0.04 °Cyear x, while its salin-... 

Nishimoto, Y., M. Yamakido, T. Shinegobu, et al. 1983. Long term observations of poison gas workers with special reference to respiratory cancers. 7. 170 775(Suppl.) 89-94. 

SeidmanH. 1984. Short-term asbestos work exposure and long-term observation. In Docket of current rulemaking for revision of the asbestos (dust) standard. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Available for inspection at U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Technical Data Center, Francis Perkins Building docket no. H033C, exhibit nos. 261-A and 261-B. 

Seidman H, Selikoff IJ, Hammond EC. 1979. Short-term asbestos work exposure and long-term observation. Ann NY Acad Sci 330 61-89. 

Below about 200 m, PON concentrations tend to asymptote to similar levels of about 0.1 to 0.3 pmol kg", irrespective of the large differences in PON in the euphotic zone. Overall, PON dynamics in the aphotic zone tends to follow that of particulate organic carbon (POC), with a stoichiometric C N ratio of about 7.1 0.1 (equivalent to 16 114 2) for the particles sinking out of the euphotic zone (Schneider et al, 2003) (see also Hebei and Karl (2001) for long-term observations of the POC and PON dynamics in an oligotrophic environment). In their analysis of sediment trap samples and particles collected by in situ pumps, Schneider et al (2003) also noticed a slight increase of this ratio with depth of about 0.2 per 1000 m, so that particles sinking across 1000 m have a C N ratio very close to the 117 16 ratio proposed by Anderson and Sarmiento (1994). 

Creep—A mass movement that involves gradual downslope movement (flow), too slow to be observed directly, but apparent in many long term observations. 

The choice among drugs is mfluenced partly by theoretical predictions from their action on the cardiac cycle but largely by short and long-term observations of their efficacy and safety. 

Lebovics, E., Palmer, M., Woo, J., Schaffner, F. Outcome of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Analysis of long-term observation of 38 patients. Arch. Intern. Med. 1987 147 729-731... 

Skoumal M, Wottawa A. Long-term observation study of Austrian patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Acta Med Austriaca 2002 29(2) 52-6. 

Kido T, Nogawa K, Ishizaki M, Honda R, Tsuritani I, Yamada Y, Nakagawa H, Nishi M. Long-term observation of serum creatinine and arterial blood pH in persons with cadmium-induced renal dysfunction. Arch Environ Health 1990 45 35-41. 

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