Lead in serum

MantonWI. CookJD. 1984. High-accuracy (stable isotope dilution) measurements of lead in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Br J Ind Med 41 313-319. 

Manton, W.I. and Cook, J.D. (1984) High accuracy (stable isotope dilution) measurements of lead in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Br. J. Ind. Med., 41, 313-319 Marcus, A.H. (1985 a) Multicompartment kinetic models for lead. I. Bone diffusion models for long term retention. Environ. Res., 36, 441-458 Marcus, A.H. (1985b) Multicompartment kinetic models for lead. II. Linear kinetics and variable absorption in humans without excessive lead exposures. Environ. Res., 36, 459-472 Marcus, AH. (1985c) Multicompartment kinetic models for lead. III. Lead in blood plasma and erythrocytes. Environ. Res., 36, 473-489... 

Amylase enters the blood largely via the lymphatics. An increase in hydrostatic pressure in the pancreatic ducts leads to a fairly prompt rise in the amylase concentration of the blood. Neither an increase in volume flow of pancreatic juice nor stimulation of pancreatic enzyme production will cause an increase in senm enzyme concentration. Elevation of intraductal pressure is the important determinant. Stimulation of flow in the face of obstruction can, however, augment the entry of amylase into the blood, as can disruption of acinar cells and ducts. A functional pancreas must be present for the serum amylase to rise. Serum amylase determination is indicated in acute pancreatitis in patients with acute abdominal pain where the clinical findings are not typical of other diseases such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, peptic ulcer, vascular disease or intestinal obstruction. In acute pancreatitis, the serum amylase starts to rise within a few hours simultaneously with the onset of symptoms and remains elevated for 2 to 3 days after which it returns to normal. The peak level is reached within 24 hours. Absence of increase in serum amylase in first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms is evidence against a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (76). 

Substantial individual differences were observed in the response to study breads and the ranges of enterolactone concentration changes in the groups were as follows -54.5-60.0 nmol/1 (placebo), -26.2-101.3 nmol/1 (LP), -19.6-81.8 nmol/1 (HP). This was something that could have been expected as in several studies dietary factors have explained only 10% of the variation in serum enterolactone (Vanharanta et al, 2002b Kilkkinen et al., 2001). This gives further support to the major role of intestinal bacteria in the synthesis of enterolactone. Decreased concentrations of enterolactone may occur due to an increased fiber intake, which may shorten the retention time in the colon and lead to incomplete metabolism of plant lignans. Constipation was earlier shown to be associated with an increased level of serum enterolactone (Kilkkinen et al., 2001). 

Hypertonic hyponatremia is usually associated with significant hyperglycemia. Glucose is an osmotically active agent that leads to an increase in TBW with little change in total body sodium. For every 60 mg/dL (3.33 mmol/L) increase in serum glucose above 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), the sodium is expected to decrease by approximately 1 mEq/L (1 mmol/L). Appropriate treatment of the hyperglycemia will return the serum sodium to normal.15... 

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome Severe increase in serum glucose concentration without the production of ketones, leading to an increase in serum osmolality and symptoms... 

NS (general population) Other Negative correlation between blood lead and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in children 12-120 Mahaffey et al. 1982 Rosen et al. 1980... 

Blood lead levels, urinary lead levels, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine clearance (CCT), and NAG were measured in 158 male and 51 female workers in a lead battery factory or a lead smelting plant in Japan (Ong et al. 1987). Controls consisted of 30 professional and laboratory staff members with no history of renal disease or lead exposure. The length of exposure to lead averaged 10.8 8.0 years with a range of 1-36 years. Exposure levels were not available, but indicators of lead body burden in the exposed workers were PbB level = 3.0-80.0 pg/dL and urinary lead level =... 

A study of 137 lead-exposed workers found that of various indices of exposure, time integrated index of PbB was the best predictor of variation in serum P2 1 -globulin, serum -globulin, and urinary albumin... 

The results also showed that the age-related increase in serum creatinine was earlier and faster and more linear among subjects in the highest quartile than among those in the lowest quartile. Based on the results, Kim et al. (1996a) concluded that low-level exposure to lead may impair renal function in middle-aged and older men however, the biological significance of a 0.08 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine is unknown. 

Lead-exposed children with PbB levels of 33-120 pg/dL had marked reductions in serum levels of... 

Concentrations of lead in blood, urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid have been used as indicators of exposure to lead. Measurement of lead in blood is the most common method of assessing exposure. 

Al-Modhefer AJA, Bradbury MWB, Simmons TJB. 1991. Observations on the chemical nature of lead in human blood serum. Clin Sci 81 823-829. 

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