Serial peripheral interface

Classical (0. .. 5V) PWM = Puls Width Modulation PAS = Peripheral Acceleration Sensorconnection CAN = Control Area Network LIN = Local Interconnect Network BSI = Bit Synchronous Interface SPI = Serial Peripheral interface... 

For bus systems there are several standard or quasi-standard bus structures available. For high-speed connection you can use the popular automotive CAN bus (control area network) or the SPI interface (serial peripheral interface) often used to connect the sensor to the microcontroller inside the control unit For lower speeds the LIN bus (local interconnect network) is available. In both cases a microcontroller inside the sensor unit is necessary, which works with a stable quartz clock frequency. 

In this structure, each battery module includes an ASIC that protects the module directly. ASICs are able to communicate with the BCU over a serial peripheral interface (SPI), so all the connections from the single hoard structure can he reduced to one SPI Bus, common for all modules. 

The color of LED strip will indicates the target heart rate zone desired by user. The LED strip chosen is a RGB LED with a serial peripheral interface (SPI) controlled. It is the 5V multicolor strips and is controlled by an HL1606 chips. It gives a total of eight possible colors [12] as shown in Table 1. This LED strip has a very bright color which can be seen by the user or coach clearly. 

Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) and Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus (IIC or fc or I2C) These are industry-standard input/output interfaces and are becoming more common in the FPA world as control interfaces to ROICs. Many embedded microprocessors implement these two interfaces in their architecture this makes them attractive for use in an ROIC. This can simplify the camera control electronics design since most cameras have embedded microprocessors in them already. 

FX2 (C67C68013), which integrates the USB 2.0 transceiver, serial interface engine (SIE), enhanced 8051 microcontroller, and a programmable peripheral interface into a single chip. This is a very cost-effective solution that shortens development time and provides a small foot print for use in a mobile platform. Although not important in this application, the FX2 can be operated at the maximum USB 2.0 data rate of 45 Mbytes/s. The 8051 microcontroller nms software that can be downloaded to an internal RAM via the USB or from an EPROM (Atmel 240164). Additionally, the 8051 microcontroller has three high speed coimter/timers, which provide data acquisition and control of various components as discussed below. 

The plotter Within this field, the choice was much simpler for very few serious firms are developing this type of peripheral, and speaking money, all of them are in the same region. For various reasons, we chose the HP 7225 A Hewlett-Packard plotter. It can draw and write and, of course, all the figures of this article were entirely designed using the HP 7225 A plotter connected to the Apple II Plus microcomputer. The interface used for this connection is a RS 232 C Serial Interface. 

This port (sometimes called the RS-232 or modem port) was designed with the experimenter in mind. Just as the memory expansion port gives you access to a number of the microprocessor s control lines, this port gives you access to many of the control lines of one of the interface adapter chips. Using these lines, a wide variety of peripherals could be connected, since both serial and eight-bit parallel communications are available. 

The most popular type of printer interface as this book is being written is the Universal Serial Bus (USB). It is actually the most popular interface for just about every peripheral. The convenience for printers is that it has a higher transfer rate than either serial or parallel and it automatically recognizes new devices. 

RS-232-C In asynchronous transmissions, a recommended standard interface established by the Electrical Industries Association. The standard defines the specific lines, timing, and signal characteristics used between the computer and the peripheral device and uses a 25-pin or 9-pin DB connector. RS-232-C is used for serial communications between a computer and a peripheral such as a printer, modem, digitizing tablet, or mouse. 

The computerized system consists of a Cromenco computer with a Z80 microprocessor, 64 kb of memory and access to various peripherals, and different interfaces such as a serial-parallel Cromenco TU-ART interface, 8- and 12-blt A/D and D/A converters and a parallel-reading I/O Cromenco 4 PIO unit. 

The different components of a computer, its memory, and the peripheral devices, such as printers or scanners, are joined by buses. To guarantee rapid communication among the various parts of a computer, information is exchanged on the basis of a definitive word size, for example, 16 bits, simultaneously over parallel lines of the bus. A data bus serves the exchange of data into and out of the CPU. The origin and the destination of the data in the bus are specified by the address bus. For example, an address bus with 16 hues can address 2 = 65536 different registers or other locations in the computer or in its memory. Control and status information to and from the CPU are administrated in the control bus. The peripheral devices are controlled by an external bus system, for example, an RS-232 interface for serial data transfer or the IEEE-488 interface for parallel transfer of data. 

Peripheral All input/ouqrut (10) is performed by dedicated parts, such as serial lO (SIO), parallel lO (PIO) devices, analog/digital converters, and video controllers. lO devices may utilize standard interfaces, such as RS-232-C. 

Ever since personal computers (PCs) were introduced, they have been used in measurement apphcations employing different techniques. PCs have now evolved into one of the basic tools in the laboratory, industry, biology, medicine, etc. for measurement apphcations. In order to use a PC in measurement apphcations, data acquisition hardware and a standard interface are required. Data acquisition hardware generally includes sensors, signal conditioners, and ADCs. A standard interface is required to transfer the converted data from a data acquisition system to a PC. There are two major techniques by which computers can be cormected to its peripherals, namely serial and parallel communication. 

When a PC is used in a measurement apphcation, one of the standard interfaces available with the PC is used for transfer of measurement data to the PC. Common standard interfaces in a PC are PC bus, parallel port, serial port, and USB. Internal PC bus, parallel port, and serial port have been used in many measurement apphcations. PC buses such as Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA), NuBus, VME bus extensions for instrumentation (VXI), Versa Module Eurocard (VME), SBus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), and different versions of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) buses were des ped for intercormection of computer subsystems and peripheral circuits within a computer. The buses are also made available for expansion of features of PCs, and connectors are provided on the motherboard. 

As computer power and the number of peripherals have increased, older interfaces hke the parallel port and the serial port (RS-232 compatible) interface became a botdeneck of slow communications, with limited options for expansion (Axelson, 2005). IBM, Intel, and Compaq worked together to define the PCI bus, a high-bandwidth internal expansion bus that is much too complex to be adopted for simpler I/O devices. It is also more cumbersome to add a device because the PCI slots are inside the PC. 

Universal Serial Bus emerged as a result of the difficulties associated with the cost, configuration, and attachment of peripheral devices in the personal computer environment and solves several technical issues associated with old-style peripherals. The USB is an industry standard serial interface between a computer and the peripherals. A result of USB s versatility and ease of use is an interface that is more comphcated than the interface it replaces for developers who design USB peripherals. The original USB specification, version 1.0, was released in January 1996 and version 1.1 was released in 1998. USB version 2.0 was introduced in 2000. USB On-The-Go (OTG) is a new supplement to the USB 2.0 specification. With the introduction of USB On-The-Go, a USB peripheral will have an additional capability to connect to other USB devices directly. 

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