Micro channel architecture

IBM -compatible computer Originally, any personal computer compatible with the IBM line of personal computers. With the launch of IBM s proprietary micro channel architecture in the PS/2 line of computers, which replaced the AT bus, two incompatible standards emerged, and so the term became misleading. Now, it is becoming more common to use the term industry-standard computer when referring to a computer that uses the AT or ISA bus, and the term DOS computer to describe any PC that runs DOS and is based on one of the Intel family of chips. 

IBM PS/2 A series of personal computers using several different Intel processors, introduced by IBM in 1987. The main difference between the PS/2 line and earlier IBM personal computers was a major change to the internal bus. Previous computers used the AT bus, also known as industry-standard architecture, but IBM used the proprietary micro channel architecture in the PS/2 line instead. Micro channel architecture expansion boards will not work in a computer using ISA. See IBM-compatible computer. 

XGA Acronym for Extended Graphics Array. XGA is only available as a micro channel architecture expansion board it is not available in ISA or EISA form. XGA supports resolution of 1024 horizontal pixels by 768 vertical pixels with 256 colors, as well as a VGA mode of 640 pixels by 480 pixels with 65,536 colors, and like the 8514/A, XGA is interlaced. XGA is optimized for use with graphical user interfaces, and instead of being very good at drawing lines, it is a bit-block transfer device designed to move blocks of bits Hke windows or dialog boxes. 

C. The Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus was developed by IBM for their PS/2 computers as an upgrade to the ISA architecture. See Chapter 5 for more information. 

When a PC is used in a measurement apphcation, one of the standard interfaces available with the PC is used for transfer of measurement data to the PC. Common standard interfaces in a PC are PC bus, parallel port, serial port, and USB. Internal PC bus, parallel port, and serial port have been used in many measurement apphcations. PC buses such as Industry Standard Architecture (ISA), Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA), NuBus, VME bus extensions for instrumentation (VXI), Versa Module Eurocard (VME), SBus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA), and different versions of Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) buses were des ped for intercormection of computer subsystems and peripheral circuits within a computer. The buses are also made available for expansion of features of PCs, and connectors are provided on the motherboard. 

This class of hybrid components comprises chip micro-reactor devices, as described in Section 4.1.3, connected to conventional tubing. This may be H PLC tubing which sometimes has as small internals as micro channels themselves. The main function of the tubing is to provide longer residence times. Sometimes, flow through the tube produces characteristic flow patterns such as in slug-flow tube reactors. Chip-tube micro reactors are typical examples of multi-scale architecture (assembly of components of hybrid origin). 

Referring to highly parallel synthesis, the smallness of the micro-channel dimensions enables one to combine several micro imit operations on one chip [23]. By using multi-layered chip architecture complicated fluidic circuits with nx m combinations of fluid streams can be made. By this means, truly combinatorial parallel processing can be achieved. 

MOR = 0.015. These results can be directly related to the micro-porous structure of the different catalysts, for which the pores of the tridimensional Y framework allow a readier diffusion of both substrate and product than those of the interconnected channels architecture of BEA and those of the bidimensional MOR framework. 

Droplet microfluidics is a science and technology of controlled formation of droplets and bubbles in microfluidic channels. The first demonstration of formation of monodisperse aqueous droplets on chip - in a microfluidic T-junction [1] - was reported in 2001. Since then, a number of studies extended the range of techniques, from the T-junction [2-5], to flow-focusing [6-10] and other geometries [11], and the capabilities in the range of diameters of droplets and their architectures [12-16]. These techniques opened attractive vistas to applications in preparatory techniques [17-19], and - what is the focus of this lecture - analytical techniques based on performing reactions inside micro-droplets. 

When liquids are used, the channels should be at least 1 /rm in diameter the catalytic centers can still exist as nanometer-size cavities, to be connected through thin walls with well-defined molecular-sized micropores. Channels or micro cavities could be hydrophilic or hydrophobic and thus tuned by the needs of the particular reaction studied. The architecture of a catalytic system aims to reduce mass transport limitations and optimize the mixing of components at least near catalyticaUy active centers. Second, for highly exothermic or endothermic reactions, the design should also include heat transfer considerations. Clearly this is a topic where there is a need for extensive catalytic process modeling and innovative catalyst synthesis. 

The architecture of a wireless capsule system named the lab-in-a-pill (LIAP) is presented in Fig. 7.13 [113]. It consists of pH and temperature sensors and a custom-made application-specific integrated readout circuit. The pH sensor is a micro-fabricated ISFET with Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The temperature sensor is an n-channel silicon diode. The system consumes 15.5 mW. The circuit has a power saving feature to operate it for 42 h. 

---