Sensory systems vision

Sensory systems Vision Bilateral cystoid macular edema has been reported in a 76-year-old woman with longstanding Cocci-dioides infection treated with high-dose... 

Sensory systems Vision A 56-year-old woman developed photopsia and color changes in the left eye from the start of therapy with voriconazole 20 months after withdrawal of voriconazole she had persistent visual complaints, including photopsia and additional sources of light in her left eye [32 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision Retinal vein thrombosis has been associated with peginterferon alfa-2b-I-ribavirin in a 46-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C [39" ]. 

Sensory systems Vision A 68-year-old man with Crohn s esophagitis developed acute bilateral visual loss due to bilateral anterior optic neuropathy during a third infusion of infliximab [47 ]. Completely reversible bilateral optic neuritis associated with multiple sclerosis in a patient with Crohn s disease and sacroiliitis receiving infliximab induction therapy has also been reported [48 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision A 54-year-old male kidney transplant patient developed bilateral ischemic optic neuropathy while taking tacrolimus [143 ]. The right fundus was normal, but there was temporal pallor of the left optic disc. A Goldmann visual field test showed cecocentral scotoma with an inferior predilection in both eyes. Fluorescein angiography showed no fluorescence filling the optic disc in either eye, from the early phase to the late phase, which suggests absolute absence of blood flow to the optic disc. Visual acuity improved partially after withdrawal of tacrolimus. 

Sensory systems Vision Earlier evidence has suggested that tamoxifen might have adverse effects on visual function. The effects of tamoxifen on visual function have been studied using full-field and focal elec-troretinography in 14 women aged 47-72 years who had taken tamoxifen for 2-37 months, in 10 untreated women of similar age with breast cancer, and in 13 healthy women [25 ]. Low-dosage tamoxifen had no retinotoxic effects mean peak-to-peak amphtudes and implicit time were comparable in the three groups. 

Sensory systems Vision Loss of vision after photodynamic therapy for age-related macular degeneration, probably due to hypoperfusion of the choroid, has been described and can lead to retinal vascular infarction [13 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision Acute bilateral angle closure and transient myopia has been attributed to MDMA [40 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision Acute macular neuroretinopathy has been attributed to adrenaline [68 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision In a systematic review of four case-control studies in nearly 200 000 patients, there was a significant relation between cataracts and the dose of inhaled glucocorticoid the random-effects pooled odds ratio for the risk of cataracts per 1000 micrograms increase in daily beclomethasone dipropionate dose was 1.25... 

Sensory systems Vision In 100 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia taking oral arsenic trioxide, there were two cases of serious visual problems, both in patients in complete remission with normal platelet counts [13 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision A patient with ocular sarcoidosis developed reduced vision with optic disc hyperemia after long-term treatment with linezolid for osteomyelitis. Vision improved and the hyperemia disappeared after linezolid withdrawal [150 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision Steroid cataract is one of the most serious adverse reactions to glucocorticoids, because it affects quality of life. The risk factors for steroid cataracts in children with rheumatic diseases were initiation of glucocorticoid therapy in children under 12 years of age and intravenous methylprednisone pulse therapy [5 ]. 

Sensory systems Vision An 87-year-old man with prostate cancer experienced delayed dark adaptation while taking nilutamide 150 mg/day this took the form of episodes of isolated, bilateral blindness lasting for 10-15 minutes whenever he moved from a bright to a darker environment... 

Sensory systems Vision An increased risk of macular edema is a recognized adverse reaction to thiazolidinediones. Using data obtained from a US Kaiser Permanente diabetes database 996 new cases of macular edema were recorded in 2006 in 59 013 patients with diabetes [88. Those who took a thiazolidinedione (98% pioglitazone) and or insulin were at an increased risk of macular edema compared with patients who took other oral agents. Odds ratios were 1.6 for thiazolidinediones and 2.8 for insulin, compared with odds ratios of 0.8 for sulfonylureas and 0.9 for metformin. 

Sensory systems Vision Transient scintillating scotomata have been observed in the visual fields of both eyes in nine patients receiving paclitaxel infusions in doses of 175 and 225 mg/n [4T]. Involvement of the optic nerve was confirmed, and this is likely to have been related to optic nerve conduction abnormalities associated with the neurological effects of paclitaxel. The abnormalities were not progressive and there was some degree of recovery, although one patient had permanently impaired vision. 

Sensory systems Vision Ocular adverse reactions have been reported in phase I studies, with symptoms of blurred or smoky vision, flashing lights , and photosensitivity at a dose of 300 mg/rn and superficial keratopathy during the first cycle of treatment at 375 mg/m, which constituted the dose-limiting adverse reaction in this study [95 ]. 

Energy and information. The transmission of sensory information requires the input of free energy. For each sensory system (olfaction, gustation, vision, hearing, and touch), identify mechanisms for the input of free energy that allow the transmission of sensory information. 

Tlie second messengers that we have seen recur in many additional signal transduction pathways. For exampile, in a consideration of the sensory systems in Chapter 32, we will see how Ca -based signaling and cyclic nucleotide-based signaling play key roles in vision and olfaction. 

How do our sensory systems work How are the initial stimuli detected How are these initial biochemical events transformed into perceptions and experiences We have already encountered systems that sense and respond to chemical signals—namely, receptors that bind to growth factors and hormones. Our knowledge of these receptors and their associated signal-transduction pathways provides us with concepts and tools for unraveling some of the workings of sensory systems. For example, 7TM receptors (seven-transmembrane receptors. Section 14.1) play key roles in olfaction, taste, and vision. Ion channels that are sensitive to mechanical stress are essential for hearing and touch. 

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and touch are based on signal-transduction pathways activated by signals from the environment. These sensory systems function similarly to the signal-transduction pathways for many hormones. "These intercellular signaling pathways appear to have been appropriated and modified to process environmental information. 

In this chapter, we shall focus on the five major sensory systems found in human beings and other mammals olfaction (the sense of smell i.e., the detection of small molecules in the air), taste or gustation (the detection of selected organic compounds and ions by the tongue), vision (the detection of light), hearing (the detection of sound, or... 

In all cases, where conditions vary between operations, additional sensory systems are needed to enable automatic operations. The two most commonly used are electronic vision and force control systems. These systems are connected to the robot controller through specific interfaces that enables handling of the additional sensory information with sufficient speed. Some of the most advanced controllers today (2013) offer interfaces that enable sensory data updating at a rate close to lOOHz. This high speed sensory information updating enables robot to perform tasks that earlier only could be done manually. 

Sensory systems Blurred vision, vertigo, and noise intolerance have been reported as adverse reactions to intranasal ketamine [26 ]. 

Sensory systems Eyes Accidental overdoses of intracameral cefuroxime after uneventful phacoemulsification cataract surgery caused no adverse reactions in six patients, mean age 68 years, after a dilution error all achieved 20/20 or better vision at the end of the first week [25 ]. 

Sensory systems Visual disorders, including blurred vision, disorders of accommodation, and diplopia, occur in about 1% of patients... 

Sensory systems Excessive lacrimation is common with fluorouracil and affects 30% of patients [82 ]. Other ocular adverse reactions include blurred vision, ocular irritation and pain, photophobia, conjunctivitis, circu-morbital edema, ectropion, keratitis, and tear duct stenosis. Most patients can be managed symptomatically with methylcellulose or dexamethasone eye drops. Occasionally fluorouracil may need to be withdrawn and the symptoms usually resolve in 1-2 weeks [18 ]. Optic neuropathy is rare [79 ]. 

Olfactory system is unique in that there are numerous receptors for each specific kind of odorants [91]. It is very peculiar compared to other sensory systems like vision, touch, or taste in which only a few kinds of receptors exist. Eugenol has a very distinctive odor that is usually remembered as dental clinic scent. The olfactory receptor that eugenol binds was identified in mice and named mOR-EG or 01fr73, a G-protein-coupled receptor with a seven-transmembrane domain that increases intracellular cAMP concentration upon activation [92]. 

Sensory systems - Eye Nefopam is a non-opioid analgesic whose action is spinal and supraspinal, including inhibition of dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin reuptake. A dose of 20mg has an analgesic action comparable with morphine 6 mg. Acute glaucoma angle closure is a rare complication of anaesthesia and multimodal analgesia. However, a case of unilateral permanent loss of vision after nefopam administration was reported. 

Sensory systems Glare from mydriasis should be included in the differential diagnosis when evaluating blurring of vision in patients witit Parkinson s disease who are on levodopa [64 ]. 

Sensory systems Amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy is a known adverse effect. A total of 296 reports of this effect were identified. The mean duration of amiodarone treatment before vision loss was 9 months. The most common presentation was an insidious onset of amiodarone associated optic nemopathy with nearly 30% of cases being asymptomatic. Optic disc oedema was observed in 85% of cases. After the cessation of amiodarone therapy, 58% had improved visual acuity whereas 21% developed further decreased visual acuity [13]. 

Sensory system Acute bilateral corneal oedema was reported in a 64-year-old female treated witii amantadine 100 mg three times daily. Investigations excluded an alternative diagnosis of herpetic keratopatity. Symptoms improved following withdrawal of amantadine in conjxmction with topical steroids [346 ]. Bilateral painless loss of vision due to comeal oedema was also reported in a 16-year-old Hispanic female. Resolution of symptoms occurred 1 month after cessation of therapy [347 ]. 

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