Initiation stimuli

Central to resolution is the cessation of initiating stimuli, e.g. the killing of invading bacteria and... 

CNS diseases have been identified with imbalances or the inability to attend to the initial stimuli and correctly process critical stimuli.16 For example, schizophrenia has been proposed to be reflective of a hyperattentive state in which the occurrence of psychotic symptoms may be due to the inability to limit or selectively process critical stimuli versus non-critical stimuli. Conversely, age-related memory decline and progressive dementia as seen in diseases such as Alzheimer s would clearly be associated with a hypoattentive state.16- 85 Whether... 

How do our sensory systems work How are the initial stimuli detected How are these initial biochemical events transformed into perceptions and experiences We have previously encountered systems that sense and respond to chemical signals—namely, receptors that bind to growth factors and hormones. Our knowledge of these receptors and their associated signal-transduction pathways provides us with concepts and tools for unraveling some of the workings of sensory systems. For example, 7TM receptors (seven-transmembrane receptors, Section 15.1) play key roles in olfaction,... 

All the above-mentioned facts illustrate the significance of knowledge about low-temperature thermal reactivity of energetic materials in the study of chemical micro-mechanisms of their initiation by mechanical stimuli or electric spark. It must be stated that from among all initiation stimuli, the splitting of molecules of energetic materials by heat has been studied most thoroughly so... 

It should now be clear that the initial stimuli involved in host selection may be initially directional (primary attractants) or non-directional (random landing) depending on the species, but that highly directional stimuli (pheromones) take over once a tree is attacked. Using the example of 7. paraconfusus, initial positive host selection seems to occur only after landing and feeding, but... 

Peripheral nociceptors are the sensory anatomical detectors of painful stimuli. The nociceptors transduce the initial stimuli hy creating action potentials that are largely a consequence of the entry of sodium ions (Na+) into the neuron. There are several types of voltage-gated Na channels that can he classified according to their sensitivity to tetrodotoxin (TTX) and their primary structure. A variety of Na+ channels are involved in regulating nociceptor excitability. They are the TTX-sensitive Na 1.3 and 1.7 channels and... 

Silver fulminate is considered as an extremely dangerous primary explosive to handle due to its high sensitivity, particularly to electric discharge and friction. It is more sensitive than MF with respect to both of these initiation stimuli. The sensitivity to electric discharge is extreme, particularly when it is dry [92]. The sensitivity of silver fulminate depends on its crystal form the amorphous form is less sensitive to impact than the crystalline form. However, since it is practically impossible to produce purely amorphous material without any crystals the whole mass might be nearly as sensitive as the crystalline form itself [29]. Taylor and Buxton published preparation of SF in form of fine crystals with an impact sensitivity significantly lower than MF (no explosion from 32.7 cm for 1/2 kg hammer vs. only 12.7 cm for MF) approaching values typical for lead azide [93]. Comparison of impact sensitivity of SF with other common primary explosives is shown in Fig. 2.15. 

Clearly models of this kind, although showing how a metabolic effect may be the first step in a consequential programme of metabolic change, do not identify the initiating stimuli nor indicate how the programme is monitored to reach a steady state. 

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